Inflammatory bowel disease: Epidemiology, pathology and risk factors for hypercoagulability

Table 1 Acquired prothrombotic factors in inflammatory bowel diseases

Dehydration

Glucocorticosteroids therapy

Prolonged immobilization

Central venous catheters

Surgical procedures

Oral contraceptives/hormonal replacement therapy

Smoking

Hyperhomocysteinemia

Table 2 Changes in coagulation and fibrinolytic systems in patients with in inflammatory bowel diseases

Coagulation factors	Fibrinolytic factors	Plasma coagulation inhibitors
Fibrynogen ↑	TAFI ↑	Antithrombin III ↓
Factor V ↑	PAI-1 ↑	TFPI ↓
Factor VII ↑	tPA ↓
Factor VIII ↑
Factor XI ↑
Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 ↑
Thrombin-antithrombin complex ↑
TF ↑
FXIII ↓

tPA: Tissue plasminogen activator; TAFI: Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor; PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TFPI: Tissue factor pathway inhibitor.