Endoscopic diagnosis of cervical esophageal heterotopic gastric mucosa with conventional and narrow-band images

Table 1 Demographics, social habits, and clinical symptoms in the 2 arms of the study n (%)

	NBI (n = 760)	CI (n = 760)	P value
Men	349 (46)	363 (48)	0.50
Age (yr), mean ± SD	51.2 ± 15.3	51.6 ± 13.7	0.58
Social habits
Alcohol use	75 (10)	56 (7)	0.10
Smoking	161 (21)	176 (23)	0.92
Clinical symptoms
Reflux symptoms	260 (34)	240 (32)	0.30
Throat symptoms	61 (8)	64 (8)	0.85
Dysphagia	16 (2.1)	12 (1.6)	0.57

CI: Conventional imaging; NBI: Narrow-band imaging.

Table 2 Endoscopic findings in the 2 study arms n (%)

	NBI (n = 760)	CI (n = 760)	P value
Conscious sedation for EGD	400 (53)	397 (52)	0.570
Cervical HGM	63 (8.3)	36 (4.7)	0.007
Reflux esophagitis	158 (21)	138 (18)	0.220
Los Angeles grade A-B	147 (19)	128 (17)
Los Angeles grade C-D	11 (1.5)	10 (1.3)
Barrett’s esophagus	3 (0.4)	4 (0.5)	1.000
Peptic ulcers	209 (28)	238 (31)	0.110
Gastric ulcer	75 (9.9)	109 (14.3)	0.009
Duodenal ulcer	161 (21)	183 (24)	0.200
Hiatus hernia	33 (4.3)	37 (4.9)	0.710

CI: Conventional imaging; NBI: Narrow-band imaging; HGM: Heterotopic gastric mucosa; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

Table 3 Clinicopathological and endoscopic characteristics of cervical esophageal heterotopic gastric mucosa in the 2 study arms n (%)

	HGM in NBI (n = 63)	HGM in CI (n = 36)	P value
Clinical characteristics			0.65
HGM type I	47 (75)	30 (83)
HGM type II	15 (24)	6 (17)
HGM type III	1 (1.6)	0 (0)
Number of cervical HGM			0.25
Single	43 (68)	28 (78)
Two	12 (19)	7 (19)
Three or more	7 (11.1)	1 (2.8)
Circumferential	1 (1.6)	0 (0)
Smallest size of cervical HGM1			< 0.0001
0-5 mm	34 (55)	6 (17)
6-10 mm	24 (39)	19 (53)
> 1 cm	4 (6.5)	11 (30)
Biopsy of cervical HGM	34 (54)	22 (61)
Fundic type gastric mucosa	22 (65)	15 (68)
Antral type gastric mucosa	12 (35)	7 (32)
Intestinal metaplasia	0	0
Presence of H. pylori	2 (5.9)	1 (4.6)
Associated with GERD	30 (48)	16 (44)	0.84
Erosive esophagitis	17 (27)	10 (28)	0.65
Barrett’s esophagus	0 (0)	1 (2.8)	0.37
Associated with hiatus hernia	4 (6.4)	3 (8.3)	0.70
Associated with peptic ulcers	16 (25)	11 (31)	0.64

¹Patients with circumferential lesion were excluded from the calculations. CI: Conventional imaging; NBI: Narrow-band imaging; HGM: Heterotopic gastric mucosa; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 4 Clinical and endoscopic characteristics between patients with and without cervical esophageal heterotopic gastric mucosa n (%)

	Cases with HGM (n = 99)	Cases without HGM (n = 1421)	P value
Demographics
Men	55 (56)	657 (46)	0.08
Mean (SD) age (yr)	51.9 (13.2)	51.4 (14.6)	0.74
Social habits
Alcohol use	10 (10.1)	121 (8.5)	0.58
Smoking	25 (25)	312 (22)	0.45
Clinical symptoms
Reflux symptoms	38 (38)	462 (33)	0.23
Throat symptoms	20 (20)	105 (7.4)	< 0.0001
Dysphagia	2 (2.0)	26 (1.8)	0.70
Conscious sedation	50 (51)	747 (53)	0.76
GERD	46 (47)	541 (38)	0.11
Reflux esophagitis	27 (27.3)	269 (18.9)	0.0488
Los Angeles A-B	23 (23.2)	252 (17.7)
Los Angeles C-D	4 (4.0)	18 (1.3)
Barrett’s esophagus	1 (1.0)	6 (0.4)	0.38
Peptic ulcers	27 (27)	420 (30)	0.73
Hiatus hernia	7 (7.1)	63 (4.4)	0.21

CI: Conventional imaging; NBI: Narrow-band imaging; HGM: Heterotopic gastric mucosa; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.