Strategies to rescue steatotic livers before transplantation in clinical and experimental studies

Table 1 Intrinsic composition of preservation solutions in this review

		UW	HTK	Celsior	IGL-1	UW-gluconate	Kreb-Henseleit	MEM
Electrolyte	Na	25	15	100	125	125	143	143.4
(mmol/L)	K	120	9	15	30	25	5.9	5.4
	Mg	5	4	13	5	5	1.2	0.8
	Ca		0.0015	0.25		0.5	1.25	1.4
	Cl	20	32	42		1	125.2	124
	SO4	5			5		1.2	0.8
Buffer	Phosphate	25			25	15	1.2	1
(mmol/L)	Bicarbonate					25	25	26.2
	HEPES					10	20
	Histidine		198	30				0.27
Antioxidant	Glutathione	3		3	3	3
(mmol/L)	Allopurinol	1			1	1
	Mannitol		38	60
	NAC						5
	Vit C							0.25
	Glucose					10	5	5.5
Metabolic Substrates	Adenosine	5			5	5
(mmol/L)	Adenine					5
	Ribose					5
	Tryptophan		2
	Ketoglutarate		1
	Glutamate			20
	Amino acid							0.7
Impermeants	Lactobionate	100		80	100
(mmol/L)	Gluconate					95
	Raffinose	30			30	30
Colloid	HES	50
(g/L)	PEG				1	50
Other intrinsic compounds	Insulin	100 U
	Dexamethason	8 mg
	Penicillin	40 U
	Phenol-red (mmol/L)							0.03
Osmolarity		340	300	363	330	360	320	310

UW: University of Wisconsin; HTK: Histidine-trypotphan-ketoglutarate; IGL-1: Institut Georges Lopez-1; MEM: Minimum essential cell culture medium; HEPES: N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; HES: Hydroxyethyl starch; PEG: Polyethylene glycol.

Table 2 Overview of the clinical and experimental strategies in this review

	Clinically applied	Experimentally applied
Donors	Dietary	Pharmacological
	Pharmacological	Heat shock
	Ischemic (except remote ischemic)
	Anesthetic
Liver grafts		SCS preservation
		New solution
		Pharmacological additives
		Additional oxygen (VSOP)
		MP preservation
		MP solely
		MP + pharmacological additives
		Flushing
		Pharmacological additives

SCS: Simple cold storage; MP: Machine perfusion; VSOP: Venous systemic oxygen persufflation.

Table 3 Animal models of hepatic steatosis for liver transplantation

Disease	Approaches	Description	Animals	Treatment time
NAFLD	Genetic	Cerebral leptin receptor deficiency	Rodent
	Dietary	High fat	Rodent	7 d
		High cholesterol	Rodent, rabbits	8-12 wk
		Cafeteria diet	Rodent	4-15 wk
		Choline/methionine-deficient	Rodent	7 d-6 wk
		High starch and fat free after fasting	Rodent	4 d
		High fat and choline deficiency	Dog	8-12 wk
		High fat and high cholesterol, plus choline deficiency or not	Miniature pig	24 wk
		High fat and carbohydrate with streptozotocin for a diabetic state	Landrace pig	5 wk
AFLD	Dietary	Ethanol in liquid diet, intragastric infusion or gavage	Rodent	20 h-9 wk
		Ethanol and high fat diet	Rodent	6 wk
		Ethanol and deficient folate diet	Micropig	12 wk

NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; AFLD: Alcoholic fatty liver disease.