Risk factors for proton pump inhibitor refractoriness in Chinese patients with non-erosive reflux disease

Table 1 Self-rating anxiety scale and self-rating depression scale scores in the two groups of patients

Group	n	SAS score	SDS score	SAS%	SDS%
Residual symptoms	97	42.68 ± 6.21	52.36 ± 6.93	46.39% (45/97)	50.52% (49/97)
Symptom-free	159	31.17 ± 6.15	43.13 ± 5.27	10.06% (16/159)	8.18% (13/159)
Control	52	30.74 ± 8.18	35.32 ± 6.71	0.00% (0/20)	1.90% (1/52)

Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) grades: F = 104.54, P < 0.001; Self-rating depression scale (SDS) grades: F = 143.91, P < 0.001; SAS%: χ² = 52.30, P < 0.001; SDS%: χ² = 79.58, P < 0.001.

Table 2 Lifestyle characteristics of two groups of patients

Variables	Residual symptoms (n = 97)	Symptom-free (n = 159)	t/χ2	P value
Age (yr)	59.3 ± 11.2	57.1 ± 12.7	1.28	0.203
Sex (male/female)	38/59	97/62	0.92	0.016
Alcohol consumption	19%	26%	0.44	0.509
Smoking	37%	32%	9.93	0.062
Helicobacer pylori positive	59%	62%	11.52	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)			6.19	0.045
≥ 25	37	86
23–24.9	30	38
< 23	30	35
Comorbid IBS	37%	12%	36.44	< 0.001
Hiatal hernia	9%	8%	1.75	0.186

BMI: Body mass index; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome.

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression of patient characteristics (n = 256)

Variables	β	SE	Z	P value	B	OR	95%CI
Women	-0.14	0.10	6.25	< 0.001	-0.19	0.66	0.31-0.89
BMI < 23	0.09	0.03	14.12	< 0.001	0.32	1.56	1.37-2.81
Comorbid IBS	0.21	0.06	12.30	< 0.006	0.37	1.33	1.26-2.55
SDS score	0.46	0.29	5.95	< 0.026	0.53	1.56	1.13-2.39
SAS score	1.05	0.32	9.26	< 0.001	0.85	2.17	1.57-2.76

BMI: Body mass index; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; SDS: Self-rating depression scale; SAS: Self-rating anxiety scale.

Table 4 Social functioning-36 scores in residual symptoms and symptom-free groups

Dimensionality	Residual symptoms	Symptom-free	Control	F	P value
PF	91.31 ± 8.73	92.03 ± 7.62	92.31 ± 8.26	0.81	0.3926
RP	80.01 ± 19.121	89.93 ± 18.93	94.10 ± 12.15	3.90	0.0117
BP	59.00 ± 10.061	86.22 ± 11.13	89.31 ± 14.81	31.24	< 0.0001
GH	61.25 ± 16.121	85.28 ± 15.26	83.15 ± 11.32	30.27	< 0.0001
VT	64.46 ± 17.921	81.30 ± 19.21	90.61 ± 20.13	12.93	< 0.0001
SF	61.53 ± 11.461	79.23 ± 19.73	80.16 ± 17.23	10.25	< 0.0001
RE	57.64 ± 10.112	68.17 ± 23.55	82.72 ± 18.19	11.75	< 0.0001
MH	50.96 ± 13.132	66.21 ± 12.46	89.15 ± 16.28	23.29	< 0.0001

¹Significant difference between residual symptoms and symptom-free groups and control group;

²Significant difference among the three groups. PF: Physical functioning; RP: Role limitations-physical; BP: Bodily pain; GH: General health; VT: Vitality; SF: Social functioning; RE: Role limitations-emotional; MH: Mental health.