Dietary polyphenols and colorectal cancer risk: The Fukuoka colorectal cancer study

Table 1 Characteristics of colorectal cancer cases and controls

Variables	Cases (n = 816)	Controls (n = 815)
Male	60%	62%
Age (yr), mean ± SD	60.5 ± 9.1	58.9 ± 10.7
Dietary intake, median (IQR)1
Total polyphenols (mg/d)	1025 (698-1487)	1047 (736-1431)
Tea polyphenols (mg/d)2	432 (226-576)	397 (215-509)
Coffee polyphenols (mg/d)3	187 (0.2-619)	260 (39-643)

¹Polyphenols and food intakes were energy-adjusted to 2000 kcal/d;

²Included green tea, black tea and oolong tea;

³Included coffee infusion, instant coffee and coffee drinks. IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 2 Association of dietary polyphenol intakes with colorectal cancer risk

Nutrient (unit)	Quintile of intake					Ptrend
	Q1 (low)	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5 (high)
Total polyphenols
Median (mg/d)	534	812	1047	1335	2104
Cases/controls	190/163	170/163	142/163	138/163	176/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	0.85 (0.62, 1.16)	0.72 (0.52, 0.98)	0.74 (0.54, 1.02)	0.95 (0.70, 1.31)	0.52
OR (95%CI)2	1 (reference)	0.85 (0.62, 1.16)	0.72 (0.52, 1.00)	0.74 (0.54, 1.03)	0.97 (0.70, 1.33)	0.59
Tea polyphenols
Median (mg/d)	65	224	397	475	853
Cases/controls	128/163	151/163	184/163	157/163	196/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	1.14 (0.82, 1.58)	1.37 (0.99, 1.89)	1.13 (0.81, 1.58)	1.37 (0.99, 1.90)	0.09
OR (95%CI)2	1 (reference)	1.13 (0.81, 1.57)	1.36 (0.98, 1.88)	1.16 (0.83, 1.62)	1.38 (0.99, 1.92)	0.08
Coffee polyphenols
Median (mg/d)	0	82	260	541	1287
Cases/controls	220/163	167/163	133/163	129/163	167/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	0.80 (0.59, 1.08)	0.65 (0.48, 0.90)	0.64 (0.46, 0.87)	0.83 (0.60, 1.13)	0.09
OR (95%CI)2	1 (reference)	0.81 (0.60, 1.10)	0.65 (0.47, 0.89)	0.65 (0.46, 0.89)	0.82 (0.60, 1.12)	0.07
Polyphenols other than coffee
Median (mg/d)	280	466	631	790	1104
Cases/controls	131/163	158/163	181/163	166/163	180/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	1.17 (0.85, 1.63)	1.29 (0.93, 1.79)	1.13 (0.81, 1.58)	1.23 (0.88, 1.72)	0.35
OR (95%CI)2	1 (reference)	1.19 (0.86, 1.66)	1.31 (0.94, 1.82)	1.20 (0.85, 1.69)	1.31 (0.93, 1.84)	0.19

¹Adjusted for age, sex, residence area, parental history of colorectal cancer, smoking, alcohol drinking, body mass index 10 years before, type of job and leisure-time physical activity;

²Further adjusted for calcium and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. OR: Odds ratio.

Table 3 Multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) of colon and rectal cancers according to polyphenols intake

Nutrient	Quintile of intake					Ptrend
	Q1 (low)	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5 (high)
Total polyphenols
Colon
Cases/controls	111/163	110/163	76/163	80/163	86/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	0.90 (0.63, 1.29)	0.66 (0.45, 0.96)	0.73 (0.50, 1.07)	0.81 (0.55, 1.18)	0.13
Proximal colon
Cases/controls	40/163	45/163	34/163	38/163	31/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	0.91 (0.55, 1.52)	0.78 (0.46, 1.33)	0.91 (0.53, 1.54)	0.79 (0.45, 1.38)	0.44
Distal colon
Cases/controls	70/163	64/163	42/163	42/163	54/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	0.86 (0.56, 1.31)	0.57 (0.36, 0.91)	0.61 (0.38, 0.98)	0.79 (0.50, 1.23)	0.11
Rectum
Cases/controls	77/163	60/163	62/163	56/163	85/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	0.73 (0.48, 1.10)	0.73 (0.48, 1.11)	0.70 (0.46, 1.07)	1.08 (0.72, 1.62)	0.74
Tea polyphenols
Colon
Cases/controls	64/163	92/163	103/163	98/163	106/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	1.37 (0.91, 2.05)	1.50 (1.00, 2.23)	1.34 (0.89, 2.03)	1.42 (0.95, 2.14)	0.18
Proximal colon
Cases/controls	21/163	33/163	44/163	41/163	49/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	1.38 (0.75, 2.54)	1.77 (0.98, 3.19)	1.42 (0.77, 2.61)	1.82 (1.01, 3.30)	0.08
Distal colon
Cases/controls	43/163	58/163	58/163	56/163	57/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	1.36 (0.85, 2.19)	1.32 (0.82, 2.12)	1.26 (0.77, 2.06)	1.18 (0.72, 1.92)	0.74
Rectum
Cases/controls	62/163	57/163	80/163	56/163	85/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	0.89 (0.57, 1.36)	1.25 (0.83, 1.88)	0.91 (0.59, 1.42)	1.27 (0.84, 1.93)	0.25
Coffee polyphenols
Colon
Cases/controls	128/163	103/163	82/163	75/163	75/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	0.92 (0.64, 1.31)	0.75 (0.52, 1.08)	0.69 (0.47, 1.01)	0.68 (0.46, 1.00)	0.02
Proximal colon
Cases/controls	52/163	41/163	34/163	32/163	29/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	0.89 (0.55, 1.44)	0.75 (0.45, 1.25)	0.76 (0.45, 1.27)	0.70 (0.41, 1.20)	0.15
Distal colon
Cases/controls	76/163	61/163	47/163	42/163	46/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	0.89 (0.58, 1.35)	0.72 (0.46, 1.12)	0.62 (0.39, 0.98)	0.66 (0.42, 1.04)	0.02
Rectum
Cases/controls	90/163	62/163	48/163	53/163	87/163
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	0.65 (0.44, 0.98)	0.50 (0.33, 0.77)	0.55 (0.36, 0.84)	0.93 (0.63, 1.37)	0.51

¹Adjusted for age, sex, residence area, parental history of colorectal cancer, smoking, alcohol drinking, body mass index 10 years before, type of job, leisure-time physical activity, calcium and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. OR: Odds ratio.

Table 4 Association of frequency of coffee consumption with colorectal cancer risk

	Frequency of coffee consumption					Ptrend
	< 1 cup/wk	1-3 cups/wk	4-6 cups/wk	1-3 cups/d	≥4 cups/d
Colorectal
Cases/controls	245/181	93/83	66/78	265/317	147/156
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	0.88 (0.61, 1.26)	0.66 (0.45, 0.99)	0.65 (0.50, 0.85)	0.82 (0.59, 1.13)	0.01
Colon
Cases/controls	145/181	62/83	40/78	141/317	75/156
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	1.04 (0.69, 1.57)	0.75 (0.47, 1.18)	0.64 (0.47, 0.87)	0.78 (0.53, 1.14)	0.01
Proximal colon
Cases/controls	60/181	22/83	19/78	62/317	25/156
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	0.84 (0.47, 1.50)	0.88 (0.48, 1.62)	0.69 (0.45, 1.06)	0.69 (0.39, 1.21)	0.08
Distal colon
Cases/controls	84/181	40/83	21/78	78/317	49/156
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	1.16 (0.72, 1.89)	0.65 (0.37, 1.15)	0.58 (0.40, 0.85)	0.82 (0.52, 1.29)	0.02
Rectum
Cases/controls	98/181	29/83	26/78	118/317	69/156
OR (95%CI)1	1 (reference)	0.63 (0.38, 1.04)	0.55 (0.32, 0.93)	0.63 (0.45, 0. 88)	0.82 (0.54, 1.23)	0.10

¹Adjusted for age, sex, residence area, parental history of colorectal cancer, smoking, alcohol drinking, body mass index 10 years before, type of job, leisure-time physical activity, calcium and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. OR: Odds ratio.