Dipeptidyl peptidase-4: A key player in chronic liver disease

Table 1 Target peptide of dipeptidyl peptidase-4

Category	Peptide	Ref.
Glucose metabolism	GLP-1	[94-97]
	GIP	[97-99]
	Glucagon	[97,100,101]
	PACAP-38	[102-104]
Gut motility	GLP-2	[97,105,106]
	VIP	[107-109]
	NPY	[109,110]
	GRP	[103]
	Peptide histidine methionine	[94,102]
Appetite regulation	Peptide YY	[107,111]
Chemokine	CCL5/RANTES	[112-114]
	CCL11/eotaxin	[115,116]
	CCL22/MDC	[112]
	CXCL9/MIg	[117-119]
	CXCL10/IP10	[114,119,120]
	CXCL11/I-TAC	[121,122]
	CXCL12/SDF-1	[93,113]
Growth	IGF-1	[123,124]
	GHRH	[94,125]
Reproduction	Prolactin	[126-128]
	hCGα	[129]
	LHα	[123]
Vasodilation	CGRP	[107,110]
	Bradykinin	[107,108]
Pain regulation	Enkephalin	[130]
	Endomorphins	[109,130-132]
	Substance P	[109,110,133,134]
Homeostasis	Thyotropin α	[123,135]
Inhibition of endothelial cell growth	Vasostatin-I	[136]

GLP: Glucagon-like peptide; GIP: Glucose-dependent insulinotoropic peptide; PACAP-38: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38; VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide; NPY: Neuro-peptide Y; GRP: Gastrin-releasing peptide; CCL: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; RANTES: Regulated upon activation; MDC: Macrophage-derived chemokine; CXCL: Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; MIg: Monokine induced by gamma interferon; IP-10: Protein 10 from interferon (γ)-induced cell line; I-TAC: Interferon-inducible T-cell α chemoattractant; SDF-1: Stromal-derived factor-1; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1; GHRH: Growth hormone releasing hormone; hCGα: Human chorionic gonadotropin α subunit; LHα: Leutinizing hormone α chain; CGRP: Calcitonin-related peptide.