A meta-analysis of the effects of energy intake on risk of digestive cancers

Table 1 Summary characteristics of cohorts included in the meta-analysis

Ref.	Country	Follow-upperiod (yr)	Age (yr)	Cohort size	Cases	Exposure details (kcal/d)	Outcome	Contrast between groups (kcal)	Relative risk (95%CI)	Adjustments
Giovannucci et al[11]	United States	6	40-75	47 949	205	Caloric intake	Colon cancer incidence	1229	1	Age
								1586	1.92 (1.28-2.90)
								1884	1.33 (0.85-2.08)
								2308	1.12 (0.70-1.80)
								2820	0.94 (0.57-1.55)
Goldbohm et al[12]	Netherlands	3.3	55-69	120 852	215	Caloric intake	Colon cancer incidence	1510 (M); 1163 (F)	1
								1836 (M); 1435 (F)	0.88 (0.57-1.69)
								2096 (M); 1626 (F)	1.12 (0.75-1.70)
								2364 (M); 1848 (F)	0.84 (0.54-1.31)
								2791 (M); 2200 (F)	0.74 (0.47-1.18)
Chyou et al[13]	United States	24	45-68	7903	695	Caloric intake	Upper digestive Tract, colorectal Cancer incidence	< 2000	1	Age, alcohol, number of cigarettes day, number of years smoked
								2000-2499.9	0.91 (0.60-1.22)
								≥ 2500	0.94 (0.64-1.24)
Gaard et al[15]	Norway	11.4	20-54	50 535	143	Energy intake kJ/d	Colon cancer incidence	≥ 9999: highest quintile	1.24 (0.56-1.92)	Age, height, BMI, attained age, smoking status
								≥ 6654 (F)
								≤ 6857: lowest quintile
								≤ 4453 (F)
Martínez et al[16]	United States	12	30-55	89 448	501	Caloric intake	Colon cancer incidence	5th: highest quintile	1.18 (0.89-1.57)	Age
								1st: lowest quintile
Harnack et al[17]	United States	9	55-69	33 976	355	Caloric intake	Esophageal gastric, Pancreatic, colon Cancer incidence	≤ 1450	1	Age, alcohol use, pack-years of smoking, yellow/orange vegetables, grains intake
								1451-1900	0.69 (0.49-0.88)
								> 1900	0.73 (0.53-0.92)
Kato et al[18]	United States	7.1	34-65	14 727	100	Energy intake	Colorectal cancer incidence	Quintile 1	1.0	Age, educational level, place at enrollment
								Quintile 2	1.16 (0.67-2.00)
								Quintile 3	0.85 (0.47-1.53)
								Quintile 4	1.20 (0.69-2.08)
Järvinen et al[21]	Finland	24	≥ 15	9959	109	Energy intake	Colorectal cancer incidence	4th: highest quintile 1st: lowest quintile	0.78 (0.42-1.44)	Age, sex, BMI, smoking, occupational group, geographical area
Stolzenberg-Solomon et al[23]	Finland	13	50-69	27 111	459	Energy intake	Gastric, pancreatic, colorecal cancer incidence	≤ 2155	1	Age, BMI, educational level, calcium intake, smoking years, alcohol consumption, physical activity at work
								> 2155 and ≤ 2541	1.18 (0.78-1.58)
								> 2541 and ≤ 2917	1.19 (0.76-1.85)
								> 2917 and ≤ 3410	0.99 (0.62-1.35)
								> 3410	0.75 (0.42-1.09)
Tiemersm et al[24]	Netherlands	8.5	20-59	> 36 000	102	Energy intake kJ/d	Colorectal cancer incidence	mean cases: 6895
								mean controls: 6773
Wong et al[25]	Singapore	7	45-74	63 257	482	Energy intake	Colorectal cancer incidence	mean cases: 1511
								mean controls: 1492
Friedenreich et al[26]	10 European countries	6.4	35-70	413 044	1693	Energy intake	Colorectal cancer incidence	< 1827	1	Age, center, education, smoking, fiber
								1827-2351	0.91 (0.78-1.05)
								> 2351	0.90 (0.78-1.02)
Prentice et al[27]	United States	12	50-79	80 816	561	Energy intake	Pancreatic, colorectal cancer incidence	Quartile 1	1
								Quartile 2	1.19 (0.81-1.57)
								Quartile 3	1.18 (0.82-1.54)
								Quartile 4	1.47 (0.99-1.94)

BMI: Body mass index; F: Female; M: Male.