Sedation-associated hiccups in adults undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in the study n (%)

	Group A (n = 215)	Group B (n = 210)	P value
Gender (male)	118 (54.9)	111 (52.9)	0.675
Body weight (kg)	63.6 ± 12.4	64.3 ± 17.6	0.675
Age (yr)	53.1 ± 15.3	48.9 ± 11.6	0.002
Diabetes	28 (13.0)	12 (5.7)	0.012
Hypertension	47 (21.9)	33 (15.7)	0.109
Cigarette smoking/alcohol consumption	72 (33.5)	36 (17.1)	< 0.001
Cerebrovascular diseases	18 (8.4)	6 (2.9)	0.019
Gastrointestinal diseases	130 (60.5)	30 (14.3)	< 0.001
GERD-like syndromes	103 (47.9)	17 (8.1)	< 0.001
Liver diseases	48 (22.3)	22 (10.5)	0.001
Psychological disorders	2 (0.9)	4 (1.9)	0.445
Drug history
NSAIDs	36 (16.7)	6 (2.9)	< 0.001
Benzodiazepines	22 (10.2)	7 (3.3)	0.006
Aminophylline	7 (3.3)	2 (1)	0.175

The data are presented as the mean ± SD (normally distributed data), or n (%) (categorical data). Group A: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) without sedation; Group B: Bidirectional endoscopy (BDE) with sedation; NSAIDs: Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of patients in the sedation group (Group B) n (%)

	Hiccups (n = 43)	No hiccups (n = 167)	P value
Gender (male)	29 (67.4)	82 (49.1)	0.032
Body weight (kg)	66.0 ± 10.1	63.9 ± 19.0	0.524
Age (yr)	47.3 ± 11.5	49.3 ± 11.5	0.306
Diabetes	4 (9.3)	8 (4.8)	0.256
Hypertension	7 (16.3)	26 (15.6)	0.909
Cigarette smoking/alcohol consumption	6 (14.0)	30 (18.0)	0.534
Cerebrovascular diseases	2 (4.7)	4 (2.4)	0.428
Gastrointestinal diseases	7 (16.3)	23 (13.8)	0.675
GERD-like syndromes	5 (11.6)	12 (7.2)	0.341
Liver diseases	4 (9.3)	18 (10.8)	0.778
Psychological disorders	1 (2.3)	3 (1.8)	0.821
Drugs history
NSAIDs	3 (7.0)	3 (1.8)	0.069
Benzodiazepines	1 (2.3)	6 (3.6)	0.680
Aminophylline	0 (0)	2 (1.2)	0.471
Premedication
Buscopan	37 (86.0)	121 (76.5)	0.066

The data are presented as the mean ± SD (normally distributed data) or n (%) (categorical data). NSAIDs: Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Table 3 Intra- and post-procedure study parameters of patients in the sedation group (Group B) n (%)

	Hiccups (n = 43)	No hiccups (n = 167)	P value
Endoscopy time (min)	16 (5-40)	15 (0-35)	0.186
Sedation regimens, mean (range)
Fentanyl (μg)	50	50	-
Midazolam (mg)	2 (0-2)	1 (0-2.5)	0.028
2% Lidocaine (mg)	40 (0-60)	40 (0-60)	0.453
Propofol (mg)	70 (50-150)	80 (40-200)	0.955
Diagnostic findings of endoscopy, n (%)
Superficial gastritis	41 (95.3)	163 (97.6)	0.428
Gastric ulcer	3 (7.0)	18 (10.8)	0.459
Duodenal ulcer	4 (9.3)	14 (8.4)	0.848
Gastric polyp	3 (4.7)	10 (6.0)	0.736
Esophageal diverticulum	0 (0.0)	2 (1.2)	0.471
GERD	11 (25.6)	19 (11.4)	0.018
Internal hemorrhoid	20 (46.5)	68 (40.7)	0.492
Colon polyp	4 (9.3)	7 (4.2)	0.180
Rectal polyp	4 (9.3)	7 (4.2)	0.180
Cecal diverticulosis	1 (2.3)	3 (1.8)	0.821

The data are presented as median (range) (skewed data) or n (%) (categorical data). GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.