Nestin in gastrointestinal and other cancers: Effects on cells and tumor angiogenesis

Table 1 Expression and roles of nestin in cancers

	Expression patterns	Roles
Glioblastoma[66-69]	Tumor cells and tumor vessels	In vitro and in vivo growth
	Glioma << glioblastoma	G1/S arrest
		Migration, invasion
Pancreatic cancer[87,90]	30% of PDAC	Nerve invasion, migration
		Initiation of PanIN
GIST[25,96]	Tumor cells and interstitial cells of Cajal
Prostate cancer[27]	Androgen-insensitive cancer cells	Migration, invasion in vitro
	75% of lethal androgen-independent prostate cancer	Lung metastasis
Breast cancer[26,101-103]	Basal breast cancer subtype	Shorter survival
	Triple-negative breast cancer	Independent prognostic factor
	Lymphovascular embolus of inflammatory breast cancer
Malignant melanoma[24,106-108,112,113]	Tumor cells and endothelial cells	Advanced stage
	Ulceration of primary tumors	Metastasis
	Infiltrating front of tumors	Shorter survival
	Primary tumor << metastatic tumor
	Stage IV >> III/IV with no evidence of disease in blood

PanIN: Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia; GIST: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Table 2 Expression and roles of nestin in tumor angiogenesis

	Expression patterns	Roles
Gastric adenocarcinoma[37]	Tumor blood vessels	Shorter survival
Colorectal cancer[38]	Small-sized and proliferating tumor vessels	Shorter survival
Prostate cancer[39,40]	Proliferating vascular cells	Shorter survival
	Endothelial cells in metastatic bone	Recurrence
		Skeletal metastasis
Glioblastoma[131]	Proliferating endothelial cells
Malignant melanoma[108]	Endothelial cells	Shorter survival