Anti-hepatitis A seroprevalence among chronic viral hepatitis patients in Kelantan, Malaysia

Table 1 Patient demographic and clinical data

Characteristics	Values (%)
Mean age (yr)	44.4 ± 14.0
Male	74 (62.2)
Aetiology of liver disease
HBV	96 (80.7)
HCV	23 (19.3)
Status of liver disease
Non-cirrhotic	102 (85.7)
Liver cirrhosis	17 (14.3)
Prevalence of IgG HAV	105/119 (88.2)

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HAV: Hepatitis A virus.

Table 2 Univariate analysis of demographic data and anti-hepatitis A virus IgG positivity

Variables	Anti-HAV IgG n (%)		χ2value	P value
	Positive	Negative
Age (yr), mean ± SD	45.7 ± 13.4	35.1 ± 15.8
Age less than 30 yr	16 (66.7)	8 (33.3)	13.473	0.0011
Age more than 30 yr	89 (93.7)	6 (6.3)
Race
Malay	84 (87.5)	12 (12.5)	0.259	0.6111
Non-Malay	21 (91.3)	2 (8.7)
Gender
Male	68 (91.9)	6 (8.1)	2.521	0.1122
Female	37 (82.2)	8 (17.8)
Aetiology of liver disease
Hepatitis B	83 (86.5)	13 (13.5)	1.511	0.2191
Hepatitis C	22 (95.7)	1 (4.3)
Status of CLD
Non cirrhotic	88 (86.3)	14 (13.7)	2.644	0.2161
Liver cirrhosis	17 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Education level
No formal education	5 (71.4)	2 (28.6)	2.024	0.1911
Primary	12 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	1.779	0.3561
Secondary	61 (89.7)	7 (10.3)	0.331	0.5652
Tertiary	27 (84.4)	5 (15.6)	0.628	0.5221
Salary category (RM)
< 1000	48 (84.2)	9 (15.8)	1.707	0.2572
1001-2000	31 (88.6)	4 (11.4)	0.005	1.0001
2001-3000	14 (93.3)	1 (6.7)	0.43	1.0001
> 3000	12 (11.4)	0 (0.0)	1.779	0.3561
Comorbidities
Diabetes	21 (100)	0 (0.0)	3.4	0.1271
Hypertension	19 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	3.015	0.1221
Ischaemic heart	6 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0.842	1.0001

¹Fisher’s exact test;

²Pearson χ² Test. P < 0.05 was considered as significant at the 95% confidence level. HAV: Hepatitis A virus; CLD: Chronic liver disease.

Table 3 Multivariate analysis of age category variables

Variables (age)	Walds (df)	Adjusted	P value	95% CI
		OR		Lower	Upper
Group A: 21 to 30 yr	11.021 (4)		0.026a
Group B: 31 to 40 yr	4.664 (1)	11	0.031a	1.248	96.951
Group C: 41 to 50 yr	5.236 (1)	7	0.022a	1.322	37.066
Group D: 51 to 60 yr	3.741 (1)	5.25	0.053	0.978	28.182
Group E: > 60 yr	3.884 (1)	9	0.049a	1.012	28.182

^aP < 0.05 was considered as significant at the 95% confidence level. OR: Odds ratio.