Brief Article
Copyright ©2011 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Gastroenterol. Aug 14, 2011; 17(30): 3518-3525
Published online Aug 14, 2011. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i30.3518
Table 1 The national cancer screening program in Korea
CancerTarget populationFrequencyTest or procedureCo-payment1 (US $)
Stomach40 and over (adults)Every 2 yrEndoscopy or Upper Gastrointestinal Series7
Colorectal50 and over (adults)Every 1 yr2Fecal Occult Blood Test30.5
Breast40 and over (women)Every 2 yrMammography and Clinical breast exam3.5
Cervix30 and over (women)Every 2 yrPap smear0
Table 2 Characteristics of gastric cancer relatives and controls n (%)
Controls (n = 2842)Non-gastric cancer relatives (n = 454)Gastric cancer relatives (n = 261)P1
Sex
Male1258 (44.3)190 (41.9)105 (40.2)0.321
Female1584 (55.7)264 (58.2)156 (59.8)
Age (yr)
40-491024 (36.0)211 (46.5)104 (39.9)< 0.001
50-59710 (25.0)118 (26.0)85 (32.6)
60-69665 (23.4)85 (18.7)51 (19.5)
≥ 70443 (15.6)40 (8.8)21 (8.1)
Education
Elementary1136 (40.0)116 (25.6)79 (30.3)< 0.001
Middle to high school1271 (44.7)246 (54.2)146 (55.9)
University and higher435 (15.3)92 (20.3)36 (13.8)
Marital status
Married2188 (77.0)387 (85.4)211 (80.8)< 0.001
Single653 (23.0)66 (14.6)50 (19.2)
Smoking status
Non-smoker1588 (57.3)260 (59.8)152 (59.6)0.657
Ex-smoker582 (21.0)86 (19.8)45 (17.7)
Current smoker602 (21.7)89 (20.5)58 (22.8)
Alcohol drinking
None1524 (55.0)241 (55.4)145 (56.9)0.841
More than once a month1248 (45.0)194 (44.6)110 (43.1)
Income (US $/mo)2
< 1000801 (28.2)87 (19.2)48 (18.4)< 0.001
1000-50001825 (64.2)315 (69.4)192 (73.6)
≥ 5000216 (7.6)52 (11.5)21 (8.1)
Self-reported health status
Good873 (30.8)149 (33.0)82 (31.7)0.502
Intermediate1017 (35.9)171 (37.8)96 (37.1)
Bad946 (33.4)132 (29.2)81 (31.3)
Stress
Low1822 (65.7)294 (67.6)168 (65.9)0.703
Moderate770 (27.8)120 (27.6)73 (28.6)
High180 (6.5)21 (4.8)14 (5.5)
Table 3 Prevalence of cancer screening n (%)
Controls (n = 2842)Non-gastric cancer relatives (n = 454)Gastric cancer relatives (n = 261)
Stomach cancer screening (within 2 yr)
Crude rate894 (32.3)162 (37.2)100 (39.2)
Adjusted rate (%, 95% CI)232.2 (30.5, 34.0)35.2 (30.8, 39.8)38.1 (32.3, 44.2)
Crude OR (95% CI)1 (referent)1.16 (0.89, 1.50)1.47 (1.08, 2.00)a
Adjusted OR (95% CI)11 (referent)1.08 (0.83, 1.41)1.43 (1.05, 1.95)a
Breast cancer screening (within 2 yr)
Crude rate456 (29.6)102 (40.8)61 (40.9)
Adjusted rate (%, 95% CI)228.9 (26.7, 31.4)36.5 (30.7, 42.8)38.5 (31.0, 46.7)
Crude OR (95% CI)1 (referent)1.68 (1.21, 2.33)a1.53 (1.05, 2.23)a
Adjusted OR (95% CI)11 (referent)1.42 (1.02, 2.00)a1.40 (0.95, 2.08)
Cervical cancer screening (within 2 yr)
Crude rate596 (39.9)133 (53.9)71 (47.7)
Adjusted rate (%, 95% CI)239.1 (36.5, 41.8)47.3 (40.7, 54.1)43.2 (35.1, 51.7)
Crude OR (95% CI)1 (referent)1.90 (1.35, 2.68)a1.33 (0.90, 1.97)
Adjusted OR (95% CI)11 (referent)1.51 (1.04, 2.20)a1.14 (0.76, 1.71)
Colon cancer screening (within 5 yr)
Crude rate309 (17.5)55 (23.6)33 (21.4)
Adjusted rate (%, 95% CI)217.2 (15.4, 19.0)22.6 (17.7, 28.5)20.2 (14.6, 27.3)
Crude OR (95% CI)1 (referent)1.17 (0.78, 1.74)1.48 (0.85, 2.56)
Adjusted OR (95% CI)11 (referent)1.10 (0.73, 1.67)1.41 (0.83, 2.41)
Table 4 Gastric cancer screening prevalence by education level, age and income subgroups
Controls (n = 2842)Non-gastric cancer relatives (n = 454)Gastric cancer relatives (n = 261)
Education level
Elementary
n (%)322 (29.2)37 (32.5)27 (35.1)
aOR (95% CI)11 (referent)0.93 (0.57, 1.51)1.59 (0.85, 2.96)
Middle and higher
n (%)572 (34.3)125 (38.9)73 (41)
aOR (95% CI)11 (referent)1.13 (0.82, 1.55)1.36 (0.97, 1.92)
Age group (yr)
40-59
n (%585 (34.5)118 (37.7)78 (42.4)
aOR (95% CI)11 (referent)1.11 (0.82, 1.49)1.53 (1.07, 2.17)a
≥ 60
n (%)309 (28.8)44 (36.1)22 (31)
aOR (95% CI)11 (referent)0.99 (0.57, 1.69)1.08 (0.59, 1.98)
Income (US $/mo)
< 1000
n (%)214 (27.1)22 (26.2)8 (17)
aOR (95% CI)11 (referent)0.86 (0.47, 1.57)0.70 (0.28, 1.77)
1000-5000
n (%)580 (32.8)113 (37.7)79 (41.8)
aOR (95% CI)11 (referent)1.16 (0.84, 1.60)1.56 (1.10, 2.21)a
≥ 5000
n (%)100 (47.4)27 (53.0)13 (68.4)
aOR (95% CI)11 (referent)1.02 (0.46, 2.26)2.70 (0.82, 8.88)
Table 5 Gastric cancer-preventive behaviors
Controls (n = 2842)Non-gastric cancer relatives (n = 454)Gastric cancer relatives (n = 261)
CrudeAdjustedCrudeAdjustedCrudeAdjusted
Na (mg)
Mean intake (SE)25582 (66)5602 (64)5574 (166)5522 (162)5516 (213)5483 (212)
P value0.860.990.760.50
High sodium intake (> 2000 mg)
Rate, n (%)22625 (92.4)93.8429 (94.5)94.9247 (94.6)95.1
Odds ratio11 (referent)1 (referent)1.67 (1.04, 2.67)a1.56 (0.95, 2.57)1.34 (0.71, 2.54)1.17 (0.61, 2.26)
Vitamin C (mg)
Mean intake (SE)298.5 (1.6)100.0 (1.6)114.1 (4.9)109.7 (4.1)110.0 (6.2)107.2 (5.4)
P value0.03a0.150.070.19
Low vitamin C intake (< 60 mg)
Rate, n (%)2922 (32.4)30.7129 (28.4)30.578 (29.9)30.8
Odds ratio11 (referent)1 (referent)0.79 (0.59, 1.06)0.91 (0.67, 1.23)0.79 (0.55, 1.13)0.89 (0.62, 1.28)
Dietary fiber (g)
Mean intake (SE)28.0 (0.1)8.0 (0.1)8.4 (0.2)8.3 (0.2)8.3 (0.3)8.3 (0.3)
P-value0.200.300.080.14
Low fiber intake (< 20 g)
Rate, n (%)22447 (86.1)87383 (84.4)86.9225 (86.2)87.4
Odds ratio11 (referent)1 (referent)0.86 (0.44, 1.66)0.86 (0.44, 1.68)1.17 (0.50, 2.72)1.20 (0.50, 2.85)
Current smoking status
Rate, n (%)2602 (21.7)12.989 (20.5)13.258 (22.8)15.4
Odds ratio11 (referent)1 (referent)0.95 (0.69, 1.29)1.04 (0.73, 1.47)1.10 (0.78, 1.55)1.18 (0.76, 1.83)
Table 6 Perception of the benefits of screening n (%)
Controls (n = 2842)Non-gastric cancer relatives(n = 454)Gastric cancer relatives (n = 261)
Beneficial1783 (64.4)292 (67.1)163 (63.9)
Not beneficial292 (10.5)47 (10.8)36 (14.1)
Have never received696 (25.1)96 (22.1)56 (22.0)