Comorbidity in inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Putting comorbidity into context: secondary health problems in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Extraintestinal manifestations	Adverse effects of treatments	Comorbid conditions	Direct consequences of the disease
Peripheral and axial arthritis	Steroids: cataracts, glaucoma, mood changes, osteoporosis…	Cardiovascular	Abdominal and retroperitoneal scarring: hydronephrosis, intestinal obstruction, female infecundity…
Erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, oral aphtae	Immunosuppressors: infections, neoplasia, liver toxicity, myelosuppression…	Hepatic, biliary, pancreatic, digestive	Consequences of intestinal resection: malabsorption, short bowel syndrome, oxalate nephrolithiasis
Uveitis, episcleritis, blepharitis	Biologics: infections, neoplasia, demyelinizing disease, infusion	Metabolic: obesity	Persistent inflammation: osteoporosis, amyloidosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis	Reactions, drug-induced lupus	Neuropsychiatric

Table 2 Acquired thrombotic risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammation

Immobility (surgery or hospitalization)

Surgery

Fluid depletion

Central venous catheters

Drug therapy: Corticosteroids, anti-TNF drugs?

Smoking

Hyperhomocysteinemia (vitamin deficiencies)

Oral contraceptives

Increased levels of lipoprotein A

TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.