Wound healing of intestinal epithelial cells

Table 1 Various factors promoting or inhibiting wound healing of intestinal epithelium and mucosa

Categories	Factors	Promoting effect	Inhibitory effect	No effect	Models
(Chemokines)	CXCL12	+			Cells[2]
	CCL20, defensins	+			Cells[19]
Annexin 2		+			Cells[33]
(Growth factors)	TGF-α	+			Cells[21,44]
	TGF-β	+			Cells[40]
	EGF, HB-EGF	+			Cells[11,21]
	HGF	+			Cells[36]
	FGF	+			Cells[35]
	KGF	+			Cells[35], rat[37]
	IGF-I, -II	+			Mice[38], cells[39]
(Cytokines)	IL-1β	+			Cells[21]
	IL-2	+			Cells[41]
	IFN-γ	+[21]	+[5]		Cells[21], mice and cells[5]
	PDGF, IL-6, TNF-α			+	Cells[21]
Trefoil peptide		+			Cells[42]
Prostaglandin, COX-1, COX-2		+			Mice[51-54]
(Toll-like receptors)	TLR2	+			Mice and cells[92-94,97]
	TLR3	+[95]	+[96]		Mice[95], cells[96]
	TLR4	+[97-99]	+[100]		Mice[97-99] and cells[100]
	TLR5	+			Mice and cells[101,102]
	TLR9	+			Mice[103-105]
(Dietary factors)	Glutamine	+			Rats[6], cells[68]
	Histidine	+			Mice[7]
	Vit D	+			Mice and cells[72]
(Gastroprotective agents)	Rebamipide	+			Rats[8,77]
	Ecabet sodium	+			Cells[9] and rats[79]
	Sucralfate	+			Cells[10]
(Other factors)	Epimorphin	+			Cells[60]
	Muc3	+			Mice and cells[62]
	HIF	+			Mice[63]
	GM-CSF	+			Mice[64]

COX: Cyclooxygenase; TGF: Transforming growth factor; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; HB-EGF: Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; KGF: Keratinocyte growth factor; IGF: Insulin-like growth factor; IL: Interleukin; IFN: Interferon; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; TLR: Toll-like receptor; HIF: Hypoxia-inducible factor; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.