Endocrine impact of Helicobacter pylori: Focus on ghrelin and ghrelin o-acyltransferase

Table 1 Original studies measuring total ghrelin only (in chronological order)

Subjects	Nationality	Tissue	Total ghrelin in H. pylori infection (or cure)	Ref.
39 Adults F	Turkish	G	-	[78]
10 Adults F + M	UK	P	↑ after H. pylori cure	[79]
68 Adults F + M	Japanese	P	↓	[80]
160 Adults F + M	Japanese	G + P	↓ more so as atrophy increases	[81]
89 Adults F + M	Japanese	P	↓ but did not recover after cure	[82]
225 Adults F + M	Japanese	P	↓ in chronic gastritis	[83]
61 Adults F + M	Japanese	G + P	↓ and associated with virulence strain	[84]
132 Adults F + M	Japanese	P	↓	[85]
100 Adults F + M	Polish	P	↓	[86]
56 Adults F + M	Japanese	P	↓	[87]
146 Children F + M	Polish	P	↓	[88]
134 Adults F + M	Japanese	G + P	↑ or ↓ after cure, depending on BMI. Ghrl mRNA ↑	[89]
62 Adults (> 75 yr) F + M	French	G + P	↓	[90]
120 Adults, 60 children F + M	Polish	P	↓	[91]
63 Adults F + M	Korean	G + P	- no healthy control group	[92]
50 Adults F + M	Turkish	P	- in absence of atrophic gastritis	[93]
85 Prepubertal children F + M	Italian	P	↓ related to severity of gastritis	[69]
256 Adults M	American	G + P	-	[94]
100 Adults F + M	Chinese	P	↓	[95]
22 Adults F + M	Korean	G + P	↑ ghrl mRNA after cure	[96]
341 Adults F + M	Chinese	P	↓ in males only	[97]

F: Female; M: Male; G: Gastric tissue; P: Plasma; Ghrl: Ghrelin; ↑: Increased; ↓: Decreased.

Table 2 Original studies measuring the effect of H. pylori infection on plasma acyl and unacylated ghrelin levels

Subjects	Nationality	Tissue	Acyl and total ghrelin in H. pylori infection (or cure)	Ref.
69 Adults F + M	Japanese	P	↓ acyl ghrl in atrophy only	[98]
50 Adults F + M	Italian	P	↑ acyl ghrl and acyl/total ratio in atrophy cf. healthy controls	[63]
220 Adults F + M	Japanese	P	↓ acyl ghrl associated with atrophy and ↑ after cure	[62]

F: Female; M: Male; P: Plasma; Ghrl: Ghrelin; ↑: Increased; ↓: Decreased.