AMPK-associated signaling to bridge the gap between fuel metabolism and hepatocyte viability

Table 1 Effects of candidate compounds on the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-S6 kinase-1 pathway and liver function

Chemicals	AMPK	S6K1	NAFLD	Hepatic insulin resistance	Cyto-protection in the liver	Effective conc.	Ref.
A class of synthetic dithiolethiones
Oltipraz	↑	↓	+	+	+	30 μmol/L, 30 mg/kg	[27,50,67,107]
CJ11764	↑	↓	+	+	+	30 μmol/L	[27,50,67]
CJ12064	↑	↓	+	+	+	30 μmol/L	[27,50,67,107]
CJ11842	↑	↓	+	+	+	30 μmol/L	[27,50,67,107]
CJ11840	↑	↓	+	+	+	30 μmol/L	[27,50,67]
CJ11792	↑	↓	+	+	+	30 μmol/L	[27,50,67,107]
CJ11788	↑	↓	+	+	+	30 μmol/L	[27,50,67,107]
CJ11766	↑	↓	ND	+	+	30 μmol/L	[67,107]
CJ12073	↑	-	+	+	+	30 μmol/L	[27,67,107]
CJ11780	↑	ND	+	ND	ND	30 μmol/L	[27]
Metabolites of oltipraz
M1	↑	↓	ND	+	+	30 μmol/L	[50,68]
M2	↑	ND	ND	ND	+	30 μmol/L	[68]
Phytochemicals
Resveratrol	↑	ND	+	+	+	30 μmol/L	[66,108,109]
Isoliquiritigenin (Glycyrrhizae radix)	↑	-	+	ND	+	20 μmol/L, 30 mg/kg	[65], UD
Liquiritigenin (Glycyrrhizae radix)	↑	-	+	ND	+	100 μmol/L, 30 mg/kg	[65], UD
Sauchinone (Saururus chinensis)	↑	-	+	ND	+	30 μmol/L, 30 mg/kg	[69,110]
Baicalin (Scutellaria baicalensis)	↑	ND	+	ND	ND	10 μmol/L, 80 mg/kg	[111]

ND: Not done; UD: Unpublished data; ↑: Activation; -: No change; ↓: Inhibition; +: Beneficial effect against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or insulin resistance, or cytoprotection in the liver; AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; S6K1: S6 kinase-1.