Risk factors in familial forms of celiac disease

Table 1 High risk populations for celiac disease

Relatives, especially first-degree

Anemia, especially iron deficiency

Osteopenic bone disease

Insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1), especially children

Liver disorders, especially AIH and PBC

Genetic disorders, including Down and Turner’s syndrome

Autoimmune endocrinopathy, especially thyroid disease

Skin disorders, particularly dermatitis herpetiformis

Neurological disorders, including ataxia, seizures, MG

Others, including IgA nephropathy

AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; PBC: Primary biliary cirrhosis; MG: Myasthenia gravis.

Table 2 Evidence of familial risk

Biopsy and serological studies

Irish Setter dog model studies

Functional permeability studies

HLA marker studies

Genome wide expression/linkage studies

HLA: Human leukocyte antigen.