Diabetic factors associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Baseline characteristics n (%)

	DM group (n = 190)	Control group (n = 190)	P-value
Age (mean ± SD, yr)	57.1 ± 12.5	57.0 ± 10.6	NS
M/F	86 (45)/104 (55)	86 (45)/104 (55)	NS
Smoking	52 (27)	61 (32)	NS
Alcohol use	51 (27)	78 (41)	NS

DM: Diabetes mellitus; NS: Not significant.

Table 2 Symptomatic characteristics n (%)

	DM group (n = 190)	Control group (n = 190)	Unadjusted		Adjusted1
			OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
GI symptom	136 (72)	118 (62)	1.54 (1.03-2.31)	0.020	1.45 (0.92-2.29)	0.110
UGI symptom	83 (43)	59 (31)	1.7 (1.15-2.50)	0.005	1.68 (1.07-2.63)	0.020
LGI symptom	110 (58)	105 (55)	1.11 (0.76-1.61)	0.340	1.1 (0.71-1.70)	0.680

¹Adjusted for smoking and alcohol use. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; GI: Gastrointestinal; UGI: Upper GI; LGI: Lower GI.

Table 3 Characteristics according to the presence or absence of upper GI symptoms in the diabetic patient group n (%)

	UGI symptoms (+) (n = 83)	UGI symptoms (-) (n = 107)	Total (n = 190)
Age (mean ± SD, yr)	57.3 ± 13.1	57.1 ± 12.1	57.2 ± 12.5
M/F	34 (40)/52 (60)	52 (50)/52 (50)	86 (45)/104 (55)
Smoking	24 (29)	28 (26)	52 (27)
Alcohol use	19 (23)	32 (30)	51 (27)
Diabetic treatment	76 (92)	97 (91)	175 (91)
Complication	55 (66)	49 (46)	104 (55)
Peripheral neuropathy	49 (59)	44 (41)	93 (49)
Nephropathy	33 (40)	23 (22)	56 (30)
Retinopathy	32 (39)	16 (15)	48 (25)
HbA1c
mean ± SD	8.06 ± 1.90	7.39 ± 1.94	7.68 ± 1.95
≥ 8	38 (46)	26 (24)	64 (34)
Duration (yr)
mean ± SD	10.4 ± 7.3	6.5 ± 5.9	8.2 ± 6.8
≥ 10	44 (53)	35 (33)	79 (42)

Table 4 Diabetic factors associated with upper GI symptoms

	Unadjusted		Adjusted1
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Complication	2.35 (1.27-4.33)	0.005	1.64 (0.81-3.32)	0.170
HbA1c level	2.63 (1.39-4.96)	0.003	2.01 (1.02-3.95)	0.040
Diabetes duration	1.67 (0.84-3.29)	0.006	1.67 (0.84-3.29)	0.140

¹Adjusted for age, gender, smoking, alcohol use and other covariate factors.