Alcohol-induced alterations of the hepatocyte cytoskeleton

Table 1 Ethanol-induced changes in cytoskeleton-associated protein gene expression

Gene product	Expression levels	System	EtOH exposure	Ref.
α1-tubulin	Increased	Rat liver	Chronic (IG)	[1]
β5-tubulin	Increased	Rat liver	Chronic (IG)	[1]
β-tubulin	Decreased	Rat liver	Chronic	[2]
Kinesin 2c	Increased	Mouse liver	Acute	[3]
Tau	Decreased	Rat liver	Chronic	[2]
αE integrin	Increased	Rat liver	Chronic (IG)	[4]
PDZ and LIM domain protein 1	Decreased	Rat liver	Chronic	[5]
Thymosin β-like protein	Decreased	Rat liver	Chronic	[2]
Myosin 1b	Decreased	HepG2 (+ CYP2E1)	Acute	[4]
Myosin 1E	Decreased	Rat liver	Chronic	[2]
Myosin light chain 2	Decreased	Rat liver	Chronic	[2]
Myosin light chain 3	Decreased	Rat liver	Chronic	[2]
Titin	Decreased	HepG2 (+ CYP2E1)	Acute	[4]
Myosin VII A and Rab interacting protein 1	Increased	Rat liver	Chronic (IG)	[6]
ZO-2	Decreased	Rat liver	Chronic	[5]
Cadherin 17	Increased	Rat liver	Chronic (IG)	[4]

IG: Intragastric.

Table 2 Ethanol-induced changes in cytoskeletal protein expression levels

Protein	Expression levels	System	EtOH exposure	Ref.
α-tubulin	No change	WIF-B cells, rat liver, isolated hepatocytes	Chronic	[7,8]
α-tubulin	Decreased	Rat liver	Chronic	[9]
Dynein	No change	Rat liver	Chronic	[7]
Kinesin	No change	Rat liver	Chronic	[7]
Actin	No change	WIF-B cells, rat liver	Chronic	[10,11]
Cortactin	No change	WIF-B cells, Rat liver	Chronic	[11]
Vinculin	No change	Rat liver	Chronic	[10]
FAK	No change	Rat liver	Chronic	[10]
Paxillin	No change	Rat liver	Chronic	[10]
RhoA	No change	Rat liver	Chronic	[12]
Rac	Increased	Rat liver	Chronic	[12]
Cdc42	Increased	Rat liver	Chronic	[12]
α1 integrin	Increased	Rat liver	Chronic	[10,13]
α5 integrin	Increased	Rat liver	Chronic	[10,13]
β1 integrin	Increased	Rat liver	Chronic	[10,13]
Keratin 81	No change	Rat liver	Chronic	[14]
Keratin 181	No change	Rat liver	Chronic	[14]

¹Please see the text for a description of changes in keratins 8 and 18 protein expression levels that are associated with Mallory-Denk bodies in ethanol-fed human and mouse hepatocytes.

Table 3 Ethanol-induced cytoskeletal protein modifications

Modification	Protein	System	EtOH exposure	Ref.
Lysine acetylation	α-tubulin	WIF-B cells, rat liver	Chronic	[8]
	β-actin	Rat liver	Chronic	[11]
	Cortactin	Rat liver	Chronic	[11]
Dephosphorylation	Keratin 81	Rat liver	Chronic	[15]
	Keratin 181	Rat liver	Chronic	[15]
Phosphorylation	Keratin 8	Rat liver	Acute	[16]
	Keratin 18	Rat liver	Acute	[16]
Cysteine oxidation	50 kDa dynactin subunit	Mouse liver	Chronic	[17]
	α-actin	Mouse liver	Chronic	[17]
	β-actin	Mouse liver	Chronic	[17]
	Keratin 1	Mouse liver	Chronic	[17]
	Keratin 2	Mouse liver	Chronic	[17]
	Keratin 9	Mouse liver	Chronic	[17]
	Keratin 10	Mouse liver	Chronic	[17]
	Keratin 14	Mouse liver	Chronic	[17]
	Keratin 16	Mouse liver	Chronic	[17]
Lysine adduction by acetaldehyde	α-tubulin	In vitro2	N/A	[18-20]
	MAPS	In vitro4	N/A	[18]
	Actin	In vitro5	N/A	[21]

¹Please see the text for a description of the multiple post-translational modifications on keratins 8 and 18 that are associated with Mallory-Denk bodies in ethanol-fed human and mouse hepatocytes;

²Purified from bovine brain or rat liver; ³Microtubule associated protein and motor fraction;

⁴Purified from bovine brain;

⁵Purified from rabbit skeletal muscle.