Etiologic factors of gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma among men in Taiwan

Table 1 Demographic characteristics in GCA patients compared with matched hospital-based controls in a Taiwan case-control study, 2000-2009

Variables	Case	Control	OR2	95% CI
Age
≥ 60 yr	28	132	1.03	0.57-1.96
< 60 yr	13	73	1.00
Marital status
Married	35	159	1.63	0.45-5.87
Other	6	46	1.00
Ethnicity
Others1	10	45	1.12	0.73-1.69
Chinese Taiwanese	31	160	1.00
Years of schooling
≤ 9 yr	27	115	2.96	0.65-13.69
> 9 yr	14	90	1.00
Occupation
Farmer	16	59	2.14	0.89-5.12
Business	6	22	1.92	0.73-5.06
Industry	9	52	1.36	0.41-4.38
White-collar	10	72	1.00
Blood type
Non- A type	32	150	1.03	0.50-2.11
A type	9	55	1.00
Blood type
Non-O type	19	114	0.83	0.32-1.96
O type	22	91	1.00
Economics
Poor	21	69	2.11	0.81-5.69
Not-poor	20	136	1.00

¹Others: Including Native, Chinese, and Hakka. GCA: Gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma;

²OR: Odds ratio.

Table 2 Association between suspected risk factors and risk of gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma in a Taiwan case-control study, 2000-2009

Variables	Case	Control	OR1	95% CI
BMI2 (kg/m2)
> 24	11	96	0.89	0.56-1.38
≤ 24	30	109	1.00
Cigarette smoking
Yes	29	110	2.28a	1.05-4.96
No	12	95	1.00
Alcohol consumption
Yes	18	65	1.71	0.88-3.26
No	23	140	1.00
Areca quid chewing
Yes	9	20	2.75	0.86-8.77
No	32	185	1.00
Daily exercise
Yes	10	83	0.58	0.16-2.16
No	31	122	1.00
Sleep with others in childhood
Yes	37	165	2.10	0.44-10.24
No	4	40	1.00
Working or exercising after meals
Yes	27	74	3.26a	1.31-8.11
No	14	131	1.00
H pylori serum
Positive	30	118	2.69a	1.30-5.53
Negative	11	87	1.00
Cag+A3
Positive	27	102	1.27	0.21-7.66
Negative	3	16	1.00
GERD symptoms
Yes	11	48	1.28	0.64-2.55
No	30	157	1.00
Passive smoking (family)
Yes	17	66	1.48	0.37-5.92
No	24	139	1.00
Passive smoking (colleague)
Yes	18	91	1.01	0.37-2.59
No	23	114	1.00
Steaming hot dietary habits (/d)
Yes	31	175	0.72	0.32-1.53
No	10	30	1.00
Cold dietary habits (/d)
Yes	12	62	0.94	0.32-2.75
No	29	143	1.00
Water supply
Non-tap-water	13	53	1.47	0.29-7.31
Tap-water	28	152	1.00

¹Odds ratio (OR): Adjusted by age and years of schooling;

²BMI: Obesity: BMI more than 28 kg/m²; Overweight: BMI more than 24 and less than 28 kg/m²; Normal: BMI more than 18.5 and less than 24 kg/m²; Underweight: BMI less than 18.5 kg/m²;

³Cag⁺A: Cytotoxin associated gene A positive strains. (Those who were H pylori positive were classified by CagA strains).

^aP < 0.05.

Table 3 Association between suspected dietary pattern and risk of gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma in a Taiwan case-control study, 2000-2009

Variables	Case	Control	OR1	95% CI
Nitrate food (times/wk)
≥ 3	9	23	2.18	0.80-5.89
< 3	32	182	1.00
Smoked food (times/wk)
≥ 3	8	30	1.94	0.53-7.34
< 3	33	175	1.00
Fermented beans (times/wk)
≥ 3	11	24	2.87	0.82-9.77
< 3	30	181	1.00
Salted food (times/wk)
≥ 3	9	21	2.51a	1.08-6.11
< 3	32	184	1.00
Pickled vegetables (times/wk)
≥ 3	8	34	1.20	0.41-3.36
< 3	33	171	1.00
Biting food (times/wk)
≥ 3	6	58	0.38	0.08-2.01
< 3	35	147	1.00
Galic (times/wk)
≥ 3	10	60	0.62	0.17-2.12
< 3	31	145	1.00
Dairy products (times/wk)
≥ 3	7	47	0.72	0.13-4.15
< 3	34	158	1.00
Meat (servings/d)
≥ 6	30	150	1.24	0.42-3.67
< 6	11	55	1.00
Fresh vegetables (servings/d)
≥ 2	25	184	0.28a	0.09-0.80
< 2	16	21	1.00
Fresh fruits (servings/d)
≥ 2	15	169	0.19a	0.04-0.89
< 2	26	36	1.00
Stripped sweet potato (sun-dried)
Yes	20	71	1.71	0.86-3.37
No	21	134	1.00
Rice as principal food
Yes	32	176	0.53a	0.30-0.85
No	9	29	1.00
Milk (/d)
Yes	16	81	1.02	0.16-7.08
No	25	124	1.00
Coffee preference (/d)
Yes	13	62	1.20	0.55-2.53
No	28	143	1.00
Tea (/d)
Yes	18	110	0.69	0.36-1.29
No	23	95	1.00

¹Odds ratio (OR): Adjusted by age and years of schooling.

^aP < 0.05.

Table 4 Association between nutritional supplement and risk of gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma in a Taiwan case-control study, 2000-2009

Variables	Case	Control	OR1	95% CI
Vitamine
Yes	6	42	0.63	0.18-1.95
No	35	163	1.00
Vit A
Yes	2	13	0.74	0.24-2.50
No	39	192	1.00
Vit B
Yes	2	18	0.49	0.07-3.46
No	39	187	1.00
Vit C
Yes	3	25	0.56	0.10-3.36
No	38	180	1.00
Vit E
Yes	5	23	0.99	0.20-4.81
No	36	182	1.00
Vit B complex
Yes	4	14	1.59	0.74-3.43
No	37	191	1.00
Iron
Yes	3	6	2.01	0.86-4.68
No	38	199	1.00
Calcium tablet
Yes	4	26	0.84	0.17-4.12
No	37	179	1.00
Zinc tablet
Yes	1	6	0.85	0.09-8.10
No	40	199	1.00
Aspirin
Yes	2	7	1.34	0.59-3.03
No	39	198	1.00
NSAID
Yes	4	14	1.29	0.47-3.71
No	37	191	1.00

¹Odds ratio (OR): Adjusted by age and years of schooling.

Table 5 Association between family history and risk of gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma in a Taiwan case-control study, 2000-2009

Variables	Case	Control	OR1	95% CI
Anemia
Yes	17	83	1.06	0.46-2.58
No	24	122	1.00
Atrophy gastritis
Yes	17	85	1.02	0.31-3.25
No	24	120	1.00
Gastric ulcer
Yes	15	73	1.23	0.39-3.79
No	26	132	1.00
Duodenal ulcer
Yes	16	88	0.82	0.35-2.09
No	25	117	1.00
Lymphoma
Yes	12	57	1.30	0.63-2.80
No	29	148	1.00
Gastric polypus
Yes	13	62	1.51	0.20-11.38
No	28	143	1.00
Cancer
Yes	10	24	2.54	0.83-7.75
No	31	181	1.00
Sibling (Cancer)
Yes	5	23	1.39	0.38-5.06
No	36	182	1.00

¹Odds ratio (OR): Adjusted by age and years of schooling.

Table 6 Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis for estimated OR and 95% CI for GCA patients compared with matched hospital-based controls in Taiwan, 2000-2009

Variables	OR1	95% CI
H pylori infection	2.93a	1.42-6.01
Cigarette smoking	2.26	0.35-15.20
Working or exercising after meals	3.18a	1.23-9.36
Consumption of salted food	2.34	0.39-13.75
Consumption of fresh vegetables	0.22a	0.06-0.83
Consumption of fresh fruits	0.28a	0.09-0.79
Rice as principal food	0.48a	0.24-0.93

¹Odds ratio (OR): Adjusted by age and years of schooling.

^aP < 0.05.