Analysis of risk factors for central venous port failure in cancer patients

Table 1 Distribution of 1348 TIVADs and average catheter-indwelling-days

	n (%)	Median (range)
Sex
Male	842 (62)	151 (60 337)
Female	506 (38)	228 (88 473)
Origin of patient
Inpatients	967 (72)	157 (60 358)
Outpatients	381 (28)	217 (93 455)
Type of malignancy
Hematogenous	76 (6)	148 (61 303)
Solid	1272 (94)	180 (70 403)
Type of catheter
Groshong	830 (61)	218 (81 478)
Open-ended	518 (39)	143 (55 280)
Total	1348 (100)	178 (70 399)

Table 2 Primary malignancy in 1280 patients with 1348 TIVADs for long-term intravenous chemotherapy n (%)

Malignancy	Patients	TIVADs
Colorectal	354 (27.7)	359 (26.6)
Lung	348 (27.2)	367 (27.2)
Head and Neck	139 (10.8)	150 (11.1)
Breast	103 (8.0)	109 (8.1)
Gastric	78 (6.1)	91 (6.8)
Hematogenous	70 (5.5)	76 (5.6)
H-B-P	69 (5.5)	72 (5.4)
Esophageal	41 (3.2)	43 (3.2)
Urologic	40 (3.1)	40 (3.0)
Gynecologic	12 (0.9)	14 (1.0)
Others1	26 (2.0)	27 (2.0)
Total	1280 (100)	1348 (100)

¹Others include skin, brain, bone, sarcoma and unknown primary origin. H-B-P: Hepato-biliary-pancreatic.

Table 3 Insertion site, surgical procedure and catheter type n (%)

Site	Surgical procedure	Open-ended catheter	Groshong catheter	Total
Cephalic vein	Cutdown
Right		287	620	907 (67.3)
Left		111	82	193 (14.3)
Subclavian vein	Puncture
Right		54	87	141 (10.5)
Left		38	17	55 (4.1)
Internal jugular vein
Right		8	1	9 (0.7)
Left		0	1	1 (0.1)
External jugular vein
Right		4	7	11 (0.8)
Left		0	2	2 (0.1)
Femoral vein
Right		14	9	23 (1.7)
Left		2	4	6 (0.4)
Total		518	830	1348

Table 4 Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors for TIVAD failure

	Univariate hazard ratio	95% CI	P value	Multivariate hazard ratio	95% CI	P value
Age (yr)	1.009	1.002-1.015	0.006	1.009	1.003-1.016	0.003
Sex
Male	1.63	1.373-1.936	< 0.001	1.566	1.318-1.861	< 0.001
Female	1
Origin of patients
Inpatient	1
Outpatient	0.926	0.779-1.100	0.385
Type of catheter
Groshong	1
Open-ended	1.719	1.461-2.023	< 0.001	1.689	1.435-1.989	< 0.001
Insertion site
RCV	0.891	0.754-1.053	0.179
Others1	1
Type of malignancy
Solid	1
Hematogenous	1.336	0.966-1.849	0.080	1.499	1.079-2.083	0.016

¹Others include left cephalic vein, right subclavian vein, left subclavian vein, femoral vein and jugular vein. RCV: Right cephalic vein.

Table 5 Comparisons of adverse events for open-ended vs Groshong catheter and solid vs hematogenous malignancy

	Open-ended catheter (n = 518)	Groshong catheter (n = 830)	P value1	Solid malignancy (n = 1272)	Hematogenous malignancy (n = 76)	P value1
Infection	14 , 2.7% (0.130)	26, 3.1% (0.099)	0.651	32, 2.5% (0.091)	8, 10.5% (0.456)	< 0.001
Thrombosis	26, 5% (0.242)	21, 2.5% (0.080)	0.015	46, 3.6% (0.131)	1, 1.3% (0.057)	0.515
Surgical complication	9, 1.7% (0.083)	6, 0.7% (0.022)	0.084	12, 0.9% (0.034)	3, 3.9% (0.171)	0.048

¹χ² test or Fisher’s exact test. Parenthesis indicated events per 1000 catheter-days.