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©2009 The WJG Press and Baishideng.
World J Gastroenterol. May 28, 2009; 15(20): 2433-2440
Published online May 28, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.2433
Published online May 28, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.2433
Specimen | Method | |||
Serum | Urine | Liver biopsy | ||
Extracellular matrix-related enzymes | ||||
Enzyme | ||||
Prolyl hydroxylase | + | - | + | Radioenzymatic, RIA |
Monoamine-oxidase | + | - | (+) | Enzymatic |
Lysyl oxidase | + | - | + | RIA |
Lysyl hydroxylase | + | - | - | RIA |
Galactosylhydroxylysyl-glucosyltransferase | + | - | + | RIA |
Collagen peptidase | + | - | + | Enzymatic |
N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase | + | + | + | Enzymatic |
Collagen fragments and split products | ||||
Type of collagen | ||||
Type I-procollagen | ||||
N-terminal propeptide (PINP) | + | - | + | ELISA |
C-terminal propeptide (PICP) | + | - | + | RIA |
Type III-Procollagen | ||||
Intact Procollagen | + | - | - | RIA |
N-terminal propeptide (PIIINP) | ||||
Complete propeptide (Col 1-3) | + | - | - | RIA |
Globular domain of Propeptide (Col-1) | + | - | - | RIA |
Type IV-Collagen | ||||
NC1-fragment (C-terminal) crosslinking domain (PIVP) | + | + | - | ELISA, RIA |
7S domain ("7S Collagen") | + | + | - | RIA |
Type VI-Collagen | + | + | + | RIA |
Glycoproteins and matrix-metalloproteinase (inhibitors) | ||||
Marker | ||||
Laminin, P1-fragment | + | - | - | RIA, EIA |
Undulin | + | - | - | EIA |
Vitronectin | + | - | - | EIA |
Tenascin | + | - | - | ELISA |
YKL-40 | + | - | + | RIA/ELISA |
(pro)matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) | + | - | - | ELISA |
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1, TIMP-2) | + | - | - | ELISA |
sICAM-1 (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule, sCD54) | ||||
sVCAM-1 (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule, sCD106) | + | - | - | ELISA |
Glycosaminoglycans | ||||
Marker | ||||
Hyaluronic acid (Hyaluronan) | + | - | - | Radioligand assay ELISA |
Molecular mediators | ||||
Marker | ||||
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) | + | - | + | ELISA |
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) | + | ? | + | ELISA |
Index | Parameters | Chronic liver disease | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) |
PGAA-Index | Prothrombin time, γGT, apolipoprotein A1, α2-macroglobulin | Alcohol | 79 | 89 |
Bonacini-Index | ALT/AST-ratio, INR, platelet count | HCV | 46 | 98 |
Sheth-Index | AST/ALT (De Ritis) | HCV | 53 | 100 |
Park-Index | HCV | 47 | 96 | |
PGA-Index | Prothrombin time, γGT, apolipoprotein A1 | Mixed | 91 | 81 |
Fortunato-Score | Fibronectin, prothrombin time, PCHE, ALT, Mn-SOD, β-NAG | HCV | 94 | |
Fibrotest (Fibro-Score) | Haptoglobin, α2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein A1, γGT, bilirubin | HCV | 75 | 85 |
HBV | ||||
Pohl-Score | AST/ALT-ratio, platelet count | HCV | 41 | 99 |
Actitest | Fibrotest + ALT | HCV | ||
Forns-Index | Age, platelet count, γGT, cholesterol | HCV | 94 | 51 |
Wai-Index (APRI) | AST, platelet count | HCV | 89 | 75 |
Rosenberg-Score (ELF-Score) | PIIINP, hyaluronan, TIMP-1 | Mixed | 90 | 41 |
Patel-Index (FibroSpect) | Hyaluronan, TIMP-1, α2-macroglobulin | HCV | 77 | 73 |
Sud-Index (fibrosis probability-index, FPI) | Age, AST, cholesterol, insulin resistance (HOMA), past alcohol intake | HCV | 96 | 44 |
Leroy-Score | PIIINP, MMP-1 | HCV | 60 | 92 |
Fibrometer test | Platelet count, prothrombin index, AST, α2-macro-globulin, hyaluronan, urea, age | Mixed | 81 | 84 |
Hepascore | Bilirubin, γGT, hyaluronan, α2-macroglobulin, age, gender | HCV | 63 | 89 |
Testa-Index | Platelet count/spleen diameter-ratio | HCV | 78 | 79 |
FIB-4 | Platelet count, AST, ALT, age | HCV/HIV | 70 | 74 |
FibroIndex | Platelet count, AST, γ-globulin | HCV | 38 | 97 |
Biomarker | Specimen | Assay technology | Pathobiochemical basis |
CTGF | Serum | Immunoassay | TGF-β induced expression in and secretion by hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells |
Fibrocytes | Blood, buffy coat | Flow cytometry of CD34+, CD45+, Coll I+ cells qPCR | Supplementation of local fibroblasts at site of liver injury by bone-marrow derived fibrocytes |
BMP-7 | Serum | Immunoassay | Antagonist of TGF-β, inhibitor of EMT |
G-CSF | Blood | Immunoassays | Mobilization of bone-marrow derived fibrocytes |
GM-CSF | |||
M-CSF | |||
Proteomics | Serum | Mass spectrometry (MS) | Fibrosis-specific serum protein profiles |
Glycomics | Serum | Adaptation of DNA-sequencer/fragment analyzer technology to profiling of desialylated N-linked oligo-saccharides | Fibrosis-specific profiles of desialylated serum protein linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) |
Xylosyl-transferase (EC 2.4.2.26) | Serum | LC-MS/MS | Key enzyme in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan chains in proteoglycans, e.g. in hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes |
- Citation: Gressner AM, Gao CF, Gressner OA. Non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring the fibrogenic process in liver: A short survey. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(20): 2433-2440
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i20/2433.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.2433