Gastrointestinal tract modelling in health and disease

Table 1 Diseases causing histomorphological and biomechanical remodeling of GI tract[19–45]

Diseases	Species	Test organs	Histomorphometric remodeling			Biomechanical remodeling
			WT	WA	LT	OA	RES	Stiffness
Type Idiabetes	Human	Esophagus	↑	ND	ND	ND	ND	Circ NC Long↑
		Duodenum		ND	ND	ND	ND	Circ NC Long↑
	Rat	Esophagus	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑	↓	↓	Circ↑Long ND
		Duodenum	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑	↓	↓	Circ↑Long↑
		Jejunum	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑	↑	↑	Circ↑Long↑
		Ileum	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑	↑	↑	Circ↑Long↑
		Colon	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑			Circ↑Long↑
Type II diabetes	Rat	Esophagus	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑	↓	↓	Circ↑Long ND
		Stomach	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	Circ↑
Systemic sclerosis	Human	Duodenum	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	Circ↑
Ulcerative colitis	Mice	Colon	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑	↑	↑	Circ↑Long↑↑
Fasting	Rat	Duodenum	↓	↓	Mu↓ Su↓	↑	↑	Circ↓ Long↓
		Jejunum	↓	↓	Mu↓ Su↓	↑	↑	Circ↓ Long↓
		Ileum	↓	↓	Mu↓ Su↓	↑	↑	Circ↓ Long↓
Low protein diet	Mink	Duodenum	↓	↓	NC	NC	NC	Circ↓ Long NC
		Jejunum	↓	↓	Mu↓ Su↓	↓	↓	Circ↓ Long NC
		Ileum	↓	↓	Mu↓ Su↓ Ms↓		↓	Circ↓ Long NC
Partial obstruction	Opossum	esophagus	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	Circ↑Long ND
	Guinea pig	Jejunum	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑	↓	↓	Circ↑Long ND
Osteogenesis imperfecta	Mice	Esophagus	↓	↓	Mu↓ Su↓ Ms↓	↑	↑	ND
Irradiation	Mice	Rectum	↑	↑	ND	↑	↑	ND
Small bowel resection	Rat	Jejunum	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑	↑	↑	NC
		Ileum	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑	↑	↑	NC
EGF treatment	Rat	Esophagus	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑	↑	↑	Circ↑Long ND
		Duodenum	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑	↑	↑	Circ↑Long NC
		Jejunum	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑	↑	↑	Circ↓ Long↑
		Ileum	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑	↑	↑	Circ↓ Long↑
		Colon	↑	↑	Mu↑Su↑Ms↑	↑	↑	ND

WT: Wall thickness; WA: Wall cross-sectional area; OA: Opening angle; RES: Residual strain; LT: Layered wall thickness; Mu: Mucosa; Su: Submucosa; Ms: Muscle; Circ: Circumferential direction; Long: Longitudinal direction; ND: Not done; NC: No change.