Fractalkine and TGF-β1 levels reflect the severity of chronic pancreatitis in humans

Table 1 CP staging system (partial modification of reference 12, 16, 17)

Exocrine pancreatic function (score, 0-3)
Each of the following abnormalities is scored as 1: Decreased serum level of pancreatic amylase or trypsin, abnormal bentiromide-para amino benzoic acid (BT-PABA) test result, and low fecal chymotrypsin.
0 No abnormalities in the above examination
1 Total score 1 in the above examinations
2 Total score 2 in the above examinations
3 Total score 3 in the above examinations
Pancreatography by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP; score, 0-4)
0 Normal
1 Slightly abnormal (simple dilatation of the main pancreatic duct or
localized and irregular dilation of two to three branches)
2 Mild pancreatitis (diffuse and irregular mild dilatation of the main pancreatic duct or branches, or moderate dilatation of the main pancreatic duct localized in the body and/or tail of the pancreas)
3 Moderate pancreatitis (diffuse and irregular moderate dilatation of the main pancreatic duct or branches, or advanced dilation of the main pancreatic duct localized in the body and/or tail of the pancreas)
4 Severe pancreatitis (diffuse and irregular advanced dilatation of the main pancreatic duct and branches)
Glucose metabolism (score, 0-4)
0 Normal glucose tolerance (urine glucose negative; postprandial glucose < 160 mg/dL)
1 Slightly impaired glucose tolerance (impaired glucose tolerance after oral glucose loading test; postprandial glucose, > 160 mg/dL, < 200 mg/dL)
2 Mild diabetes mellitus (urine glucose positive after meal; postprandial glucose, > 200 mg/dL; < 300mg/dL; HbA1c < 7%)
3 Moderate diabetes mellitus (postprandial glucose, > 300 mg/dL; HbA1c 7%-11%)
4 Severe diabetes mellitus (HbA1c > 11%, diabetic retinopathy, or diabetic nephropathy)
Pain (evaluated in the previous 1 yr, score 0-4)
0 No or only slight pain (requires no analgesics)
1 Mild pain (occasional pain but requires no analgesics)
2 Moderate pain (frequent pain attacks, often requires analgesics)
3 Severe (always requires analgesics)
4 Most severe (requires frequent injections of analgesics, and, often, hospitalization)
Alcohol intake (score, 0-2)
0 Less than 180 mL sake1, not every day
1 Less than 540 mL sake, almost every day
2 More than 540 mL sake, almost every day
Complications associated with chronic pancreatitis (score, 0-2)
0 No complications such as pseudocyst and stenosis of the biliary tract
1 Complications that require no treatment
2 Complications that require treatment
Total score	Severity of chronic pancreatitis
0-3	Mild
4-7	Moderate
> 8	Severe

¹Sake and shochu are typical Japanese alcoholic beverages, with an ethanol content of about 16% and 25%, respectively. One unit of sake, which contains 29 g of ethanol, represents one Japanese drink.

Table 2 Number of each classification in patients with CP

Score	0	1	2	3	4	Total
Pancreatic imaging tests	0	47	33	17	12	109
Exocrine function	31	66	12	0	0	109
Glucose metabolism	63	18	13	4	11	109
Pain	65	35	7	2	0	109
Alcohol intake	57	30	22	N/A	N/A	109
Complications	90	17	2	N/A	N/A	109
Stage of severity	Mild (0-3)	Moderate (4-7)	Severe (> 8)
(total score)	36	49	24	109

N/A: Not applicable.