“Rescue” regimens after Helicobacter pylori treatment failure

Table 1 Eradication rates with quadruple therapy (proton pump inhibitor, bismuth, tetracycline and a nitroimidazole) as “rescue” therapy for proton pump inhibitor-clarithromycin-amoxicillin failure

Author	Number of patients	Duration (d)	Eradication rate (%)
Baena Diez et al[51]	31	14	90
Bilardi et al[52]	46	7	37
Elizalde et al[53]	31	7	87
Choung et al[54]	56	7	77
Choung et al[54]	99	14	88
Chung et al[55]	87	7	84
Gasbarrini et al[56]	9	7	88
Gisbert et al[57]	30	7	57
Gisbert et al[45]	9	7	78
Gomollón et al[58]	21	7	95
Lee et al[59]	20	7	68
Lee et al[60]	63	7	75
Marko et al[61]	27	7	63
Michopoulos et al[62]	38	14	76
Navarro-Jarabo et al[63]	54	7	70
Nista et al[64]	70	7	63
Nista et al[64]	70	14	68
Orsi et al[65]	50	12	88
Perri et al[66]	45	10	67
Perri et al[67]	60	7	83
Sicilia et al[68]	21	10	83
Uygun et al[69]	100	14	82
Wong et al[70]	53	7	91
Wu et al[71]	47	7	77

Eradication rates by intention-to-treat analysis when available. H pylori eradication rate (weighted mean) with quadruple therapy is 77%.

Table 2 Rifabutin-based “rescue” therapies (rifabutin-amoxicillin-proton pump inhibitor) in patients with previously failed eradication treatments and/or resistance to clarithromycin and nitroimidazoles

Author	Number of patients	Drugs and doses	Duration of treatment (d)	Eradication rate (%)
Beales et al[72]	10	Rifabutin 300 mg o.d.	14	60
		Amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d.
		Omeprazole 20 mg b.i.d.
Bock et al[152]	25	Rifabutin 150 mg b.i.d.	7	72
		Amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d.
		Lansoprazole 30 mg b.i.d.
Borody et al[169]	67	Rifabutin 150 mg b.i.d.	12	90
		Amoxicillin 1-1.5 g t.i.d.
		Pantoprazole 60 mg t.i.d
Canducci et al[153]	10	Rifabutin 300 mg o.d.	10	70
		Amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d.
		Omeprazole 20 mg b.i.d.
Gisbert et al[149]	14	Rifabutin 150 mg b.i.d.	14	79
		Amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d.
		Omeprazole 20 mg b.i.d.
Gisbert et al[155]	20	Rifabutin 150 mg b.i.d.	10	45
		Amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d.
		Omeprazole 20 mg b.i.d.
Gonzalez Carro[170]	92	Rifabutin 150 mg b.i.d.	10	61
		Amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d.
		Pantoprazole 40 mg b.i.d
Miehlke et al[130]	73	Rifabutin 150 mg b.i.d.	7	74
		Amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d.
		Esomeprazole 20 mg b.i.d.
Navarro-Jarabo et al[63]	45	Rifabutin 150 mg b.i.d.	7	44
		Amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d.
		Omeprazole 20 mg b.i.d.
Perri et al[151]	41	Rifabutin 300 mg o.d.	7	71
		Amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d.
		Pantoprazole 40 mg b.i.d.
Toracchio et al[171]	65	Rifabutin 150 mg b.i.d.	10	78
		Amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d.
		Pantoprazole 40 mg b.i.d.
Van der Poorten et al[172]	44	Rifabutin 150 mg b.i.d.	10	68
		Amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d.
		PPI b.i.d.

PPI: Proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole or esomeprazole) at the usual dose. Eradication rates by intention-to-treat analysis when available. H pylori eradication rate (weighted mean) with rifabutin-based “rescue” therapy is 69%.