Effect of music on procedure time and sedation during colonoscopy: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of each of the included studies

Study	Design	Baseline characteristic	Comparison group	Outcome
Andrada et al (2004)[35]	RCT	Intervention-31 males 32 females, mean age: 46 (14.22)	Intervention- Listening music until the end of procedure (classical tracts)	Blood pressure, capillary and oxygen saturation, heart rate level of anxiety
		Control-28 males 27 females, mean age: 49 (13.88)	Control- Usual colonoscopy screening
Bechtold et al (2006)[36]	RCT	Intervention-41 males and 44 females, age: 58.5	Intervention- Playing music upon the entrance the patient (same music for all patients)	Dose consumed, time to time, reach cecum, total procedure insertion difficulty scale, experience scale, pain scale, want music next time
		Control-42 males 39 females, age: 54.1	Control-50 mg of meperidine and 1 or 2 mg of midazolam
Harikumar et al (2006)[38]	RCT	Intervention-38 (male + female), age 15 - 60	Intervention- Listening music (popular film songs based on classical rages, classical music, devotional songs, folk songs, soft instrumental music, and bioacoustics	Pain score, discomfort score, procedure time, recovery time, dose consumed
		Control-40 (male + female), age 15-60	Control-2 mg intravenous boluses of midazolam on demand; Colonoscopic procedure performed by endoscopists with experience of performing at least 200 full-length colonoscopic procedure
Lee et al (2002)[41]	RCT	Intervention 1-33 male 22 female	Intervention 1-Patient-controlled sedation	Dose of propofol, pain score, satisfactory score, willingness to repeat the same mode of sedation.
		Inter-quartile age range: 46-68 mean age: 54
		Intervention 2-29 male 26 female,	Intervention 2-Patient-controlled sedation+ music1
		Inter-quartile age range: 39-67 mean age: 47
		Intervention 3-27 males 28 females,	Intervention 3- Music1
		Inter-quartile age range: 40-65 mean age: 51	Could request intravenous administration of diazemuls (0.1 mg/kg) and meperidine (0.5 mg/kg)
			Nasal oxygen (2 L/min) to all patients in the study
			1Type of music: classical, jazz, popular (Chinese and English) and Chinese opera
			Examination performed endoscopists having more than 300 similar procedures before
Ovayolu (2006)[42]	RCT	Intervention-14 males 16 females, age: 20-39 (n = 10), 40-59 (n = 11), 60 or above (n = 9)	Intervention- Listening music (classical Turkish music, a slow and relaxing music)	Dose of sedation consumed, anxiety score, pain score, VAS score, willingness to the procedure score and satisfaction score.
		Control-14 males 16 females, age: 20-39 (n = 5), 40-59 (n = 11), 60 or above (n = 14)	Control- Usual colonoscopy screening; procedure performed by an expert endoscopist with experience of performing at least 200 full-length procedure previously
Schimann et al (2002)[44]	RCT	Intervention-25 males 34 females, mean age: 52.3 (13.9),	Intervention- Music from radio	Request of sedation (midazolam), oxygen supplement, procedure time
		Control-33 males 27 females, mean age: 55.8 (13.5)	Control- Conventional procedure
Smolen et al (2002)[45]	RCT	Intervention-10 male 6 females, mean age: 58.83 (13.64)	Intervention-Listening music (classical, jazz, pop rock and easy listening)	Sedation, anxiety and heart rate
		Control-7 males 9 females, mean age: 61.06 (9.48)	Control-Undergo standard colonoscopy procedure including explanation of the procedure by the nurse; receive a standard pre-procedure sedation consisting of a slow intravenous injection of 1 mg of midazolam in combination with 50 mg of meperidine
Uedo et al (2004)[46]		Intervention-7 males 7 females, mean age: 54 (6)	Intervention- Listen the music (easy listening style) from the beginning and during procedure	Salivart cortisol levels
		Control-11 males 4 females, mean age: 54 (8)	Control- Usual procedure for undergoing colonoscopy, no anxiolytic medications, no antisecretory agents

Table 2 Quality assessment by Jadad’s scale and baseline comparison

Study (year of publication)	Is the study randomized?	Is the procedure appropriate & reported?	Is the study blind to the assessors?	Is the blinding method appropriate & reported?	Were the groups similar at baseline?
Andrada et al (2004)[35]	C	C	C	C	C
Bechtold et al (2006)[36]	C	C	N	NA	C
Harikumar et al (2006)[38]	C	C	C	C	P1
Lee et al (2002)[41]	C	P	C	N	C
Ovayolu et al (2006)[42]	C	C	N	NA	C
Schiemann et al (2002)[44]	C	N	N	NA	P2
Smolen et al (2002)[45]	C	N	N	NA	C
Uedo et al (2004)[46]	C	N	N	NA	C

Remark: C, correct; N, not correct; P, partly correct; NA, not applicable.

¹No result provided;

²No test result provided.