Immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Comparison of microbiota between healthy and IBD subjects

Healthy subjects	IBD subjects
High biodiversity	Low biodiversity
Stable microbiota	Dysbiosis
Increased gut commensals	Increased gut pathogens
Higher firmicutes	Lower firmicutes

Table 2 Cytokine profile in IBD

Innate Immune Response				Adaptive Immune Response
Cytokine	Crohn’s disease	Ulcerative colitis		Cytokine	Crohn’s disease	Ulcerative colitis
IL-1β	I	I		IL-5	N	I
IL-6	I	I		IL-13	N	I
IL-8	I	I		IL-17	I	N
IL-12	I	N		IL-21	I	N
IL-18	I	I		IFN-γ	I	N
IL-23	I	N		TL1α	I	?
IL-27	I	N
TNF-α	I	I
Light	I	I
TL1α	I	?

IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IFN: Interferon; I: Increase; N: Normal.