Epithelial restitution and wound healing in inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Important modulators of intestinal epithelial cell function

Localization	Modulator
Gastrointestinal lumen	Dietary compounds
	Alimentary secretions from salivary glands, stomach, pancreas or intestinal glandular cells
	Secreted regulatory peptides
	Physiological and pathogenic intestinal microflora
	Non-peptides factors (e.g. phospholipids, polyamines, short chain fatty acids and other)
	Drugs
	Other
Epithelium	Regulatory peptides
	IEL
	Local cell-cell interactions
	Non-peptide factors (e.g. phospholipids, adenine nucleotides, polyamines and others)
	Other
Lamina propria and basal lamina	Regulatory peptides expressed by various constituents of the lamina propria
	Extracellular matrix factors
	Neurotransmitters
	Nerval interactions
	Various mediators that are transported via the blood stream
	Non-peptide factors (e.g. phospholipids, adenine nucleotides, polyamines and others)
	Other

Table 2 Selected non-peptide factors with relevance for intestinal epithelial wound healing

Factor	Mechanism of action	References
Lysophosphatidic acid	Stimulates intestinal epithelial restitution and inhibits intestinal epithelial proliferation	[61,67]
Polyamines	Stimulate intestinal epithelial restitution and proliferation	[11,66,75]
Adenine nucleotides	Stimulate intestinal epithelial restitution and inhibit intestinal epithelial proliferation	[59]
Short chain fatty acids	Stimulate intestinal epithelial migration	[63,76]
Glutamine	Stimulates intestinal epithelial proliferation and migration	[76,77]