Factors that impact health-related quality of life in adults with celiac disease: A multicenter study

Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients n (%)

	Pre-treatment	GFD
Number	177	163
Age (yr)	44 (30-50)	37 (28-47)a
Sex (male/female)	74/103	42/121
Smoking status
Smoker	29 (16)	33 (25)
Non-smoker	148 (84)	130 (75)
City of residence
< 100 000 inhabitants	69 (43)	61 (39)
100 000-500 000	72 ( 45)	65 (41)
> 500 000	18 (12)	31 (20)
Family status
Single	57 (33)	67 (42)
Married	108 (63)	84 (53)
Widowed	5 (4)	8 (5)
Educational level
No studies	7 (4)	4 (2)
Primary	56 (33)	38 (24)
Secondary	55 (32)	61 (38)
University studies	52 (31)	55 (36)
Occupational status
Employee/self-employed	67 (41)	94 (62)
Retired/pensioner	36 (22)	14 (9)
Housewife	30 (18)	16 (10 )
Student	12 (7)	19 (12)
Unemployed	17 (12)	10 (7)
Disease duration (mo)	-	48 (24-84)
Duration of symptoms before diagnosis (mo)	24 (7-84)	12 (5-40)
Presence of symptoms at inclusion	118 (80)	52 (33)b
Presence of associated diseases at inclusion	42 (41)	41 (37)

Results are expressed as medians and (25^th and 75^th percentiles) or absolute values and (percentage).

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01.

Table 2 Description of presence or absence of problems for each EQ dimension according to treatment n (%)

Variable	Pre-treatment		Gluten-free diet
	No problems	Some problems	No problems	Some problems
Mobility	130 (74.3)	45 (25.7)	146b (90.1)	16 (9.9)
Self-care	158 (89.8)	18 (10.2)	161b (99.3)	1 (0.7)
Usual activities	113 (64.5)	62 (35.5)	135b (83.3)	27 (16.7)
Pain/Discomfort	67 (38)	109 (62)	117b (72.8)	45 (27.7)
Anxiety/Depression	80 (45.5)	96 (54.5)	107b (66.1)	55 (33.9)

^bP < 0.001.

Table 3 Results of the multiple regression modeling with global GIQLI score as a dependent factor

Independent variable	t-test statistics	P value	Variance inflation factor
Pretreatment/treatment	4.989	< 0.001	1.31
Age	-0.725	0.469	1.31
Gender (m/f)	-2.684	0.008	1.06
Smoking habit	1.038	0.301	1.02
Symptoms duration	-1.813	0.072	1.08
Presence of symptoms	-4.932	< 0.001	1.31
Associated diseases	-1.824	0.070	1.18

Table 4 Results of the multiple regression modeling with the preference value of the EQ score as the dependent factor

Independent variable	t-test statistics	P value	Variance inflation factor
Pretreatment/treatment	3.20	0.002	1.31
Age	0.44	0.663	1.20
Gender (m/f)	-1.12	0.261	1.07
Smoking habit	0.58	0.559	1.02
Symptoms duration	-1.61	0.109	1.08
Presence of symptoms	-5.09	< 0.001	1.31
Associated diseases	-2.61	0.01	1.18

Table 5 Results of the multiple regression modeling with the VAS of the EQ score as a dependent factor

Independent variable	t-test statistics	P value	Variance inflation factor
Pretreatment/treatment	2.97	0.003	1.37
Age	0.81	0.420	1.23
Gender (m/f)	-1.48	0.141	1.11
Smoking habit	-0.49	0.624	1.02
Symptoms duration	-2.71	0.007	1.08
Presence of symptoms	-5.99	< 0.001	1.40
Associated diseases	-2.50	0.013	1.17