Acanthus ilicifolius plant extract prevents DNA alterations in a transplantable Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing murine model

Table 1 Body weight of different groups of mice

Daysfollowing tumourtransplantation	Body weight (g)
	Normal control	EAC control	ALE control	EAC + ALE
0	15.6 ± 0.33	15.7 ± 0.46	15.5 ± 0.28	15.6 ± 0.38
10	16.9 ± 0.36	18.4 ± 0.58a	17.2 ± 0.41	17.7 ± 0.29
20	18.3 ± 0.26	21.5 ± 0.51b	18.5 ± 0.29	19.8 ± 0.35c
30	20.6 ± 0.39	25.4 ± 0.66b	21.1 ± 0.35	21.7 ± 0.49d

Abbreviations: ALE: Aqueous leaf extract of A ilicifolius; EAC: Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Values represent mean ± SE (n = 10).

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.001 vs Normal control;

^cP < 0.02, and

^dP < 0.001 vs EAC control.

Table 2 Final weight of liver and kidney of different groups of animals sacrificed 30 d post-EAC inoculation

Organ (s)	Final weight (g)
	Normal control	EAC control	ALE control	EAC + ALE
Liver	1.25 ± 0.04	1.13 ± 0.06	1.26 ± 0.08	1.23 ± 0.03
Kidney	0.38 ± 0.03	0.33 ± 0.05	0.38 ± 0.05	0.37 ± 0.04

Abbreviations: ALE: Aqueous leaf extract of A. ilicifolius; EAC: Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Values represent mean ± SE (n = 10). No significant differences between Normal control and EAC control and between EAC control and EAC + ALE.

Table 3 Effect of ALE on tumour cell count in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing mice

Days followingtumour transplantation	Mean tumour cell count		Decrease(%)
	EAC control	EAC + ALE
10	18.2 × 106± 0.44	11.3 × 106± 0.35b	37.91
20	52.1 × 106± 0.76	24.9 × 106± 0.41b	52.20
30	228.7 × 106± 0.53	72.4 × 106± 0.49b	68.34

Abbreviations: ALE: Aqueous leaf extract of A ilicifolius; EAC: Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Values represent mean ± SE (n = 10).

^bP < 0.001 vs EAC control.

Table 4 Changes in total count (TC), Hb level and haematocrit in different groups of mice treated with or without ALE

Days following EACcell inoculation	Group	TC (RBC) (106/mm3)	TC (WBC) (106/mm3)	Hb (g%)	Haematocrit (%)
0	Normal control	7.3 ± 0.12	5.8 ± 0.23	12.6 ± 0.16	33.43 ± 0.16
	EAC control	7.2 ± 0.15	6.5 ± 0.52	12.0 ± 0.31	32.16 ± 0.27
	ALE control	7.3 ± 0.14	5.9 ± 0.22	12.5 ± 0.16	33.58 ± 0.25
	EAC + ALE	7.3 ± 0.13	6.2 ± 0.15	12.2 ± 0.27	33.11 ± 0.23
10	Normal control	7.4 ± 0.14	5.8 ± 0.63	12.6 ± 0.65	33.51 ± 0.32
	EAC control	6.6 ± 0.76	10.4 ± 0.72b	10.0 ± 0.78a	25.74 ± 0.53c
	ALE control	7.6 ± 0.18	5.7 ± 0.55	12.8 ± 0.61	33.75 ± 0.35
	EAC + ALE	6.9 ± 0.53	7.7 ± 0.68e	11.0 ± 0.49	29.08 ± 0.69d
20	Normal control	7.3 ± 0.54	5.7 ± 0.43	12.4 ± 0.78	33.46 ± 0.17
	EAC control	5.1 ± 0.67a	13.9 ± 0.56b	8.2 ± 0.92f	21.05 ± 0.26c
	ALE control	7.5 ± 0.51	5.7 ± 0.38	12.6 ± 0.73	33.71 ± 0.18
	EAC + ALE	6.7 ± 0.12	7.9 ± 0.48d	11.5 ± 0.57h	28.87 ± 0.35d
30	Normal control	7.5 ± 0.14	5.8 ± 0.23	12.7 ± 0.84	33.49 ± 0.16
	EAC control	4.3 ± 0.12b	18.8 ± 0.54b	6.4 ± 0.93b	17.63 ± 0.72c
	ALE control	7.7 ± 0.13	5.7 ± 0.24	12.9 ± 0.76	33.65 ± 0.21
	EAC + ALE	7.1 ± 0.13d	8.4 ± 0.71d	12.1 ± 0.77d	30.23 ± 0.57d

Abbreviations: ALE: Aqueous leaf extract of A. ilicifolius; EAC: Ehrlich ascites carcinoma; TC: Total count. Values represent mean ± SE (n = 10).

^aP < 0.02,

^bP < 0.001,

^cP < 0.05, and

^fP < 0.01 vs Normal control.

^dP < 0.001,

^eP < 0.02, and

^hP < 0.01 vs EAC control.

Table 5 Effect of ALE on sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies (500 plates/group) in different groups of mice killed at various time points

Weeks after tumour inoculation	Group	MeanSCE/cell	Reduction infrequency (%)
1	EAC control	4.59 ± 0.57	-
	EAC + ALE	3.62 ± 0.29	21.13
2	EAC control	6.89 ± 1.13	-
	EAC + ALE	3.78 ± 0.78a	45.14
3	EAC control	7.83 ± 1.05	-
	EAC + ALE	4.64 ± 0.54b	40.74
4	EAC control	10.26 ± 1.67	-
	EAC + ALE	4.83 ± 0.69c	52.92
5	EAC control	14.94 ± 2.14	-
	EAC + ALE	5.12 ± 1.16d	65.73

Abbreviations: ALE: Aqueous leaf extract of A. ilicifolius; EAC: Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Values represent mean ± SE (n = 10).

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.02,

^cP < 0.01, and

^dP < 0.001 vs EAC control.

Table 6 Effect of ALE on the generation of average number of single-strand breaks (SSBs)/DNA fragment in murine liver 24 h and 5 d post-EAC transplantation

Time followingEAC inoculation	Group	DS-DNA(%)	No. of SSBs/DNA fragment	Inhibition(%)
24 h	Normal control	94.75	0.07 ± 0.01	----
	EAC control	79.57	1.28 ± 0.22b	----
	ALE control	94.87	0.07 ± 0.02	----
	EAC + ALE	88.23	1.14 ± 0.15	----
5 d	Normal control	95.12	0.08 ± 0.03	----
	EAC control	17.21	3.14 ± 0.31b	----
	ALE control	94.93	0.07 ± 0.3	----
	EAC + ALE	55.83	1.93 ± 0.23d	38.53

ALE: Aqueous leaf extract of A. ilicifolius; EAC: Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Values represent mean ± SE (n = 10).

^bP < 0.001 vs Normal control;

^dP < 0.01 vs EAC control.