Exploiting novel molecular targets in gastrointestinal cancers

Table 1 Agents targeting EGFR pathway in GI cancers

Agents	Tumor types	Regimen	Study design	References
Monoclonal antibodies
Cetuximab	Colorectal cancer	Irinotecan/cetuximab	Phase III	[9]
	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Cetuximab	Phase II	[27]
	Pancreatic cancer	Gemcitabine/cetuximab	Phase II	[28]
	Pancreatic cancer	Gemcitabine/RT/cetuximab	Phase II	[29]
Panitumumab	Colorectal carcinoma	Panitumumab	Phase III	[47]
Matuzumab	Pancreatic cancer	Gemcitabine/matuzumab	PhaseI	[60]
	Colorectal cancer	Matuzumab	PhaseI	[61]
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Erlotinib	Pancreatic cancer	Gemcitabine/erlotinib	Phase III	[52]
	Colorectal cancer	CapOx/erlotinib	Phase II	[54]
	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Erlotinib	Phase II	[56]
	Colorectal cancer	FOLFIRI/erlotinib	PhaseI	[55]
	Pancreatic cancer	Gemcitabine/paclitaxol/RT/erlotinib	PhaseI	[62]
Geftinib	Colorectal cancer	Gefitinib/fluorouracil/oxaliplatin	Phase II	[63]
	Colorectal cancer	Gefitinib/oxaliplatin	Phase II	[64]
	Colorectal cancer	Gefitinib	Phase II	[65,66]
	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Gefitinib	Phase II	[67]
	Pancreatic and rectal cancer	Capecitabine/gefitinib/RT	PhaseI	[68]
Lapatinib	Colorectal cancer	Lapatinib	Phase II	[59]

RT: Radiation therapy.

Table 2 Agents targeting angiogenesis in GI cancers

Agents	Tumor types	Regimen	Study Design	References
Monoclonal antibodies
Bevacizumab	Colorectal cancer	Bevacizumab/IFL	Phase III	[10]
		Bevacizumab/FOLFOX (E3200)	Phase III	[99]
		Bevacizumab/FOLFIRI	Phase II	[102]
	Pancreatic cancer	Bevacizumab/gemcitabine	Phase II/III	[103]
		Bevacizumab/gemcitabine/oxaliplatin	Phase II	[105]
		Bevacizumab/capecitabine/RT	PhaseI	[124]
VEGF decoy
VEGF-Trap	Solid tumors	I-LV5FU2/ VEGF-Trap	PhaseI	[111]
	Solid tumors	FOLFOX4/ VEGF-Trap	PhaseI	[112]
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Sorafenib	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Sorafenib	Phase III	[8]
	Pancreatic cancer	Gencitabine/sorafenib	PhaseI	[116]
	Colorectal cancer	Oxaliplatin/sorafenib	PhaseI	[115]
Sunitinib	Colorectal cancer	Irinotecan/cetuximab/sunitinib	PhaseI/II	[122]
	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Sunitinib	PhaseI/II	[121,123]

IFL: Irinotecan/leucovorin/bolus fluorouracil; FOLFOX: Oxaliplatin/leucovorin/infusional fluorouracil; FOLFIRI: Irinotecan/leucovorin/infusional fluorouracil; RT: Radiation therapy.