Is intra-operative cholangiography necessary during laparoscopic cholecystectomy? A multicentre rural experience from a developing world country

Table 1 Patient characteristics and other observations

S. No.	Observation	Variable
1	Age (yr)	47.2 (13 to 78)
2	Female/Male	976/291
3	Previous abdominal surgeries	519
4	Preoperative ERCP	49
5	Mean operation time	39 min (11 min to 190 min)
6	Conversion to open Cholecystectomy	23
7	Drain (yes/no)	184/1083
8	Mean duration of analgesic requirement	3 d (1 d to 5 d)
9	Mean hospital stay	26 h (18 to 72 h)

Table 2 Intraoperative and postoperative complications

S. No.	Complications	No. of patients	%
1	Shoulder tip pain	213	17.12
2	Perforation of gallbladder with Stone spill	109	8.76
3	Port site infections	27	2.17
4	Cystic duct stones	17	1.37
5	Significant bleeding	12	0.96
6	Subcutaneous emphysema	4	0.32
7	Controlled biliary Leak	4	0.32
8	Undetected GB malignancy	2	0.16
9	Bile duct injury	1	0.08
10	Retained CBD stones	1	0.08
11	Cholecystohepatic duct	1	0.08
12	Drop in oxygen saturation	1	0.08

Table 3 Causes of conversion

S. No.	Causes of conversion	No. of patients	%
1	Dense adhesions at Calot’s	11	0.86
2	Significant bleeding	6	0.47
3	CBD injury	1	0.08
4	CBD stone	1	0.08
5	Drop in oxygen saturation	1	0.08
6	Extensive subcutaneous emphysema	1	0.08
7	Inability to achieve working space due to dense intra-abdominal adhesions	1	0.08
8	Faulty equipment	1	0.08
	Total	23	1.82