Healing property of the Piper betel phenol, allylpyrocatechol against indomethacin-induced stomach ulceration and mechanism of action

Table 1 Comparative healing capacity of different doses of APC against indomethacin-induced ulceration in rats¹

Samples	Treatment		Ulcer index1
	Dose (mg/kg body wt.)	d
Unulcerated control			0 ± 0
Ulcerated control (4 h)2	-	-	26.71 ± 1.62
APC treated	0.5	7	20.22 ± 1.17
APC treated	1	7	11.21 ± 0.91
APC treated	2	7	1.78 ± 0.34
APC treated	5	7	1.67 ± 0.28
APC treated	10	7	1.83 ± 0.51
APC treated	2	10	1.65 ± 0.31

¹Stomach ulceration in rats was induced by oral administration of indomethacin (30 mg/kg body wt.). The ulcer indices values are mean ± SE (n = 15).

²The ulcer indices were measured 4 h after indomethacin administration. For other samples the measurement was carried out after 7 d.

Table 2 Comparative healing capacity of APC and misoprostol on ulcerated rats¹

Samples	Ulcer index1	Protection(%)2
Unulcerated control	0 ± 0	-
Ulcerated control (4 h)3	26.71 ± 1.62	0
Ulcerated untreated control	17.64 ± 1.24	36.08 ± 1.38
Ulcerated APC treated	1.78 ± 0.34	93.26 ± 6.77
Ulcerated misoprostol treated	3.91 ± 0.30	85.40 ± 3.51

¹Stomach ulceration in rats was induced by oral administration of indomethacin (30 mg/kg body wt.). APC (2 mg/kg body wt.) and misoprostol (1.43 μg/kg body wt.) were used for these experiments. The ulcer indices values are mean ± SE (n = 15).

²Considering an ulcer index of 100 for the ulcerated, untreated rats. 3The ulcer indices were measured 4 h after indomethacin administration. For other samples the measurement was carried out after 7 d.

Table 3 The effect of APC and misoprostol on lipid, protein, DNA, SOD and CAT levels of ulcerated gastric tissue of rats¹

Parameters	Group I	Group II2	Group III	Group IV	Group V
MDA (nmol/mg protein)	1.89 ± 0.01	27.04 ± 0.84	24.28 ± 1.12	2.02 ± 0.03	2.62 ± 0.02
Proteins (mg/mL)	16.52 ± 6.05	9.03 ± 1.28	12.55 ± 1.18	14.21 ± 1.8	12.89 ± 0.87
CO (mg/mg protein)	5.26 ± 1.34	17.29 ± 1.83	9.46 ± 2.15	6.03 ± 1.51	6.54 ± 1.12
DNA (mg/g tissue)	1.82 ± 0.22	0.81 ± 0.06	1.12 ± 0.21	3.56 ± 0.05	1.68 ± 0.23
SOD (U/min/mg protein)	22.2 ± 2.34	5.76 ± 2.32	11.58 ± 1.32	21.14 ± 1.24	16.71 ± 2.57
CAT (U/min/mg protein)	21.2 ± 1.12	9.02 ± 2.54	14.20 ± 2.84	19.04 ± 2.15	15.84 ± 2.09

¹Stomach ulceration in rats was induced by oral administration of indomethacin (30 mg/kg body wt.). APC (2 mg/kg body wt.) and misoprostol (1.43 μg/kg body wt.) were used for these experiments. The values are mean ± SE (n = 15).

²The assays were carried out 4 h after indomethacin administration. For other samples these were carried out after 7 d.

Table 4 The effect of APC and misoprostol on mucin and hexacosamine levels of ulcerated rats¹

Samples	Hexosamine (mg/mg protein)	Mucin2
Unulcerated control	61.27 ± 2.28	4.62 ± 2.24
Ulcerated control3	14.48 ± 1.62	2.60 ± 4.14
Ulcerated APC treated	40.05 ± 3.78	4.53 ± 1.38
Ulcerated misoprostol treated	55.10 ± 1.21	4.35 ± 0.68

¹Stomach ulceration in rats was induced by oral administration of indomethacin (30 mg/kg body wt.). APC (2 mg/kg body wt.) and misoprostol (1.43 μg/kg body wt.) were used for these experiments. The values are mean ± SE (n = 15).

²Ab binding proteins.

³The measurement was carried out 4 h after indomethacin administration. For other samples the measurement was done after 7 d.