Endoscopic therapy of benign biliary strictures

Table 1 Etiologies of benign bile duct strictures

Surgical
Cholecystectomy (open or laparoscopic)
Biliary anastomosis
Orthotopic liver transplant
Biliary reconstruction
Chronic pancreatitis
Clonorchis sinensis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Recurrent cholangitis
Sarcoidosis
Abdominal trauma
Ischemic injury
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
HIV cholangiopathy
Mirizzi syndrome
Vasculitis
Infection (e.g. tuberculosis or histoplasmosis)
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
Choledochal cyst

Table 2 Bismuth classification for benign biliary strictures

Bismuth classification	Location
I	> 2 cm distal to the hepatic bifurcation
II	< 2 cm distal to the hepatic bifurcation
III	At the level of the hepatic bifurcation
IV	Involves the right or left hepatic duct
V	Extends into the left or right hepatic branch ducts