Pioglitazone attenuates the severity of sodium taurocholate-induced severe acute pancreatitis

Table 1 Levels of amylase in three subgroups (mean ± SE)

Group	Amylase (IU/L)
	3	6	12
Sham	2376.00 ± 413.88	2104.67 ± 377.16	1879.83 ± 528.42
PP	5364.83 ± 14082bc	5645.67 ± 1907.8b	2979.50 ± 1080.12
SAP	5053.33 ± 2632.1c	6969.50 ± 1368.9b	7598.00 ± 1071.92d

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01 vs sham,

^cP < 0.05 vs 12 h,

^dP < 0.01 vs PP, ^fP < 0.01 vs 12 h.

Table 2 Ascites in three subgroups (mean ± SE)

Group	Ascites (mL)
	3	6	12
Sham	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00
PP	4.42 ± 1.85a	4.87 ± 1.04a	5.70 ± 1.87a
SAP	6.70 ± 1.70b	7.67 ± 2.47b	8.37 ± 1.19b

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01 vs sham.

Table 3 Morphological score (mean ± SE)

Group	Time point
	3 h	6 h	12 h
Sham	0.50 ± 0.55	0.17 ± 0.41	0.17 ± 0.41
PP	5.50 ± 1.64b	6.83 ± 0.75b	4.50 ± 2.07ab
SAP	7.17 ± 1.83b	7.67 ± 0.82b	7.17 ± 1.47bd

^aP < 0.05 vs PP at 6 h;

^bP < 0.01 vs Sham,

^dP < 0.01 vs PP at 12 h.

Table 4 Histological score (mean ± SE)

Group	Time point
	3	6	12
Sham	1.67 ± 2.16	0.50 ± 0.55	0.50 ± 0.55
PP	8.83 ± 1.94b	7.83 ± 0.75b	7.50 ± 1.05b
SAP	9.67 ± 1.37b	10.33 ± 1.21bd	11.33 ± 1.75bd

^bP < 0.01 vs sham,

^dP < 0.01 vs PP.

Table 5 Pancreatic water content (mean ± SE)

Group	ww/dw
	3 h	6 h	12 h
Sham	3.10 ± 1.06	2.70 ± 0.78	2.44 ± 0.68
PP	4.01 ± 1.32	2.88 ± 0.96	2.48 ± 0.74a
SAP	3.22 ± 0.81	3.65 ± 1.72	3.99 ± 1.22c

^aP < 0.05 vs PP at 3 h,

^cP < 0.05 vs PP and sham at 12 h.

Table 6 ICAM-1 expression in acinar cells of the pancreas (mean ± SE)

Group	Time point
	3 h	6 h	12 h
Sham	0.19 ± 0.10	0.24 ± 0.21	0.11 ± 0.12
PP	0.57 ± 0.21b	0.86 ± 0.40b	0.80 ± 0.53a
SAP	0.73 ± 0.27b	0.93 ± 0.41b	1.36 ± 0.54bce

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01 vs sham,

^cP < 0.05 vs PP,

^eP < 0.05 vs 3 h.