Transfusion transmitted virus: A review on its molecular characteristics and role in medicine

Table 1 Global prevalence of TTV infection in normal subjects and patient populations

S.No.	Country	Group	No. tested	No. Positive (%)	Reference No.
1	Italy	Patients with different clinical diagnosis			62
		Unselected pathologies	221	110 (50)
		Hemophillia A	33	24 (73)
		Hemodialysis	36	19 (53)
		HCV positive patients
		Normal ALT	30	17 (57)
		Abnormal ALT	50	24 (48)
		Cirrhosis	30	9 (30)
		HCC	13	8 (62)
		HCV negative patients
		Non-A non G hepatitis	23	11 (48)
		Autoimmune hepatitis	11	4 (36)
		Primary liver diseases	17	11 (65)
		Cryptogenic extrahepatic diseases
		Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)	34	19 (56)
		Psoriasis	102	56 (55)
		Rheumatoid arthritis	60	17 (28)
2	Italy	Healthy blood donors	100	22 (22)	63
		Hemophiliacs	178	123 (69)
3	Italy	Patients			64
		HIV I infected mothers	83	29 (34.9)
		- Intravenous drug users	46	21 (45.6)
		- Non-intravenous drug users	37	8 (21.6)
		Uninfected
		- Infants born to TTV	29	8 (27.5)
		infected mothers
4	Italy	HIV Negative			65
		- Blood donors	104	91 (87.5)
		- Chronic hepatitis C	106	99 (93.4)
		- Hemodialysis patients	100	100 (100)
		- Thalassemic patients	36	36 (100)
		- IVDUs	37	31 (83.8)
		HIV Positive
		- IVDUs	102	102 (100)
		- Homosexuals	58	52 (89.7)
		- Heterosexuals	50	44 (88.0)
5	Italy	Haemophiliacs	217	204 (94)	66
6	China	Healthy persons	136	29 (21.3)	67
		Prostitutes	140	46 (32.9)
7	China	Intravenous drug users	50	14 (28)	68
		- Hemophilics	50	35 (70)
		- Thalassemics	40	27 (67.5)
		- Hemodialysis patients	50	13 (26)
		Household contacts
		- Spouse	40	3 (7.5)
		- Non spouse	57	7 (12.3)
		Acute hepatitis A	52	4 (7.7)
		Non A-E hepatitis
		- Acute	12	5 (41.6)
		- Chronic	9	2 (22.2)
		- Fulminant	11	5 (45.4)
		Hepatitis B carriers	200	30 (15)
		Hepatitis C carriers	100	36 (36)
		Healthy adults	100	10 (10)
8	China				69
		Healthy children	122	33 (2.7)
		Non A-E hepatitis	19	8 (42.1)
		- Acute	13	6 (46.1)
		- Chronic	3	1 (33.3)
		- Fulminant	3	1 (33.3)
		Thalassemic children	64	47 (73.4)
		- Transfused during cardiac surgery	80	37 (46.3)
		- Chronic HBV carrier	30	10 (33.3)
		- Biliary atresia	32	5 (15.6)
9	USA (Minnesota)	Healthy donors with elevated ALT	99	5 (5)	70
		Healthy donors with normal ALT	146	1 (0.7)
10	Japan	Patients with chronic liver disease of unknown etiology	69	57 (83)	71
		Volunteer blood donors	50	40 (80)
11	Tanzania	Rural women	156	115 (74)	72
12	India	Sewage water	63	8 (12.7)	73
13	Brazil	Patients sera	184	48 (26)	74
		Patients saliva	167	49 (46)
14	Norway	Blood donors	201	180 (98.6)	75

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; IVDUs: Intravenous drug use.