Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective

Table 1 Epidemiology of uninvestigated dyspepsia (UD) and functional dyspepsia (FD)

Location	n	Population	Ethnicity	Age (yr)	Definit on of dyspepsia	Prevalence		Gender difference	Risk factors
						UD	FD
N. America
US [13]	1021	One county	Caucasian	30-64	Upper abdominal pain	25.8%	NA	None	NA
US[14]	919	One county	Caucasian	30-49	Upper abdominal pain	23%	NA	None	Sexual abuse Physical abuse
US[15]	8250	National	Caucasian	49.1(mean)	Rome I	26%	2.7%	None	< 45 yr age Lower income Being employed
US[16]	465	One institution	Black 46% Caucasian 36%	44.6(mean)	Upper GI symptoms	31.9%	29.2%	Yes(F > M)	Black ethnicity NSAIDs Smoking
Canada[17]	1036	12 Cities	Not stated	18-80	Upper GI symptoms	28.6%	NA	None	Low socio-economic status Life events Smoking Cola
Europe
UK[18]	9936	National	Caucasian	20-69	Upper GI symptoms	41%	23.8%(estimate)	None	NA
UK[19]	2066	2 Communities	Caucasian	20-80	Upper GI symptoms	38%	11.5%	None	NA
UK[21]	9262	2 counties	Not stated	40-49	Epigastric pain ± upper GI symptoms	38%	NA	None	Low socio-economic status H pylori infection Smoking
Europe
Sweden[22]	1422	One municipality	Caucasian	20-87	Upper abdominal pain	14.5%	NA	None	NA
Denmark[23,24]	4581	One county	Caucasian	30-60	Epigastric pain	16.2% (M) 20.8% (F)	NA	Yes(F > M)	Psychological disorder Social problems
Norway[25]	2027	One municipality	Caucasian	20-69	Upper abdominal pain	27.5%	14.7%	None	Family history Tranquiliser usage
Spain[26]	284	One city	Not stated	18-80	Upper GI symptoms	23.9%	NA	Yes(F > M)	None
Asia
Japan[27]	911	1 city	Japanese	18-70	Upper GI symptoms	NA	17%	None	NA
China[28]	1016	Health check attendees	Chinese	15-75	Rome II	NA	23.5%	None	Poor diet Low socio-economic status Societal pressure Past abuse Anxiety/depression
Taiwan[29]	2018	Health check attendees	Chinese	18-80	Rome I Rome II	27.8%	23.8% 11.8%	Yes	Female gender
Hong Kong[30]	1649	National	Chinese	37.9 (mean)	Rome I	18.4%	NA	None	Anxiety/depression
Singapore[31]	706	1 Community	Chinese 8.1% Malays 7.3% Indians 7.5%	21-95	Upper abdominal pain ± upper GI symptoms	7.9%	NA	None	NA
India[32]	2549	One city	Indian	18-80	Upper abdominal pain	30.4%	NA	None	Alcohol Smoking
Jordan[33]	2254	One county	Arabic	> 16 yr	Not stated	60.1%	NA	None	NA
Australasia
Australia[34]	2910	One city	Not stated	43.8(mean)	Rome I	38.2%	6.2%	None	Female gender Anxiety/ depression
Australia[35]	2300	One city	Not stated	> 18	Rome I Rome II	32.5% 24.4%	NA	None	NA
New Zealand[36]	952	community	Not stated	> 18	Recurrent upper abdominal pain	34.2%	NA	None	Alcohol Aspirin use
Africa
Nigeria[37]	1151	community	African		Upper GI symptoms	45%	NA	None	Family size Occupational scatter Type of food Melaena Self medication