Involvement of serum retinoids and Leiden mutation in patients with esophageal, gastric, liver, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers in Hungary

Table 1 Patients with different gastrointestinal tumors

		Number of patients
Types of tumors	Male	Female	Total	Histology
Esophageal	8 (60±10 yr)1	–	8	Planocellular carcinoma
Gastric	16 (64±12 yr)1	5 (68±10 yr)1	21	Adenocarcinoma
Liver	8 (60±8 yr)1	7 (57±13 yr)1	15	Hepatocellular carcinoma
Pancreas	6 (56±11 yr)1	4 (63±9 yr)1	10	Adenocarcinoma
Colorectal	30 (66±10 yr)1	23 (65±11 yr)1	53	Adenocarcinoma
In situ carcinoma in colon polyps	4 (60±5 yr)1	5 (61±5 yr)1	9	Adenocarcinoma
Total	70	37	107
Healthy subjects	29 (50±12 yr)1	28 (49±10 yr)1	57

600 blood donors (healthy controls) for Leiden mutation study.

¹Age of patients (mean±SD).

Table 2 Serum retinoid level in patients with different gastrointestinal cancer (mean±SE, μmol/L)

Retinoids	Healthy	Esophageal	Gastric	Liver	Pancreatic	Colon	In situ colon
	subjects	cancer	cancer	cancer	cancer	cancer	cancer
Vitamin A	2.07±0.12	0.14±0.04b	1.02±0.10b	0.75±0.07c	1.68±0.10NS	0.35±0.02c	0.30±002c
α-Carotene	3.93±0.40	3.81±0.50NS	3.85±0.60NS	3.82±0.50NS	3.90±0.40NS	3.80±0.70NS	3.80±0.70NS
β-Carotene	8.59±0.40	7.50±0.30NS	8.01±0.35NS	8.10±0.30NS	8.40±0.40NS	6.80±0.40NS	7.90±0.30NS
α-Cryptoxanthin	4.10±0.50	4.00±0.60NS	3.90±0.50NS	4.00±0.40NS	3.90±0.40NS	4.00±0.30NS	4.00±0.30NS
β-Cryptoxanthin	6.00±0.60	5.90±0.40NS	6.00±0.50NS	5.90±0.40NS	5.90±0.50NS	4.95±0.40NS	4.90±0.30NS
Zeaxanthin	0.14±0.01	0.074±0.007b	0.08±0.004a	0.05±0.005c	0.03±0.002c	0.07±0.004c	0.03±0.002c
Lutein	0.11±0.007	0.10±0.04NS	0.10±0.02NS	0.08±0.007NS	0.06±0.004b	0.010±0.04NS	0.10±0.04NS

NS: not significant,

^aP<0.05,

^bP<0.01,

^cP<0.001 vs each group.

Table 3 Changes of serum level of retinoids in patients with different gastrointestinal cancer

	Esophageal cancer	Gastric cancer	Hepatocellular cancer	Pancreatic cancer	Colorectal cancer	In situ colon cancer
Patients	8	21	15	10	44	9
Vitamin A	↓↓	↓↓	↓↓↓	NS	↓↓↓	↓↓↓
a-Carotene	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
b-Carotene	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
a-Cryptoxantin	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
b-Cryptoxantin	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Zeaxantin	↓↓	↓	↓↓↓	↓↓↓	↓↓↓	↓↓↓
Lutein	NS	NS	NS	↓↓	NS	NS

P values: between healthy controls vs each group; ↓= P<0.05 ↓↓= P<0.01 ↓↓↓= P<0.01.

Table 4 Correlation between gastric cytoprotective effects of retinoids, their chemical structure and vitamin A activity in rats

Retinoids	Terminal chemicalstructure	Vitamin Aactivity	Gastric mucosalprevention
Vitamin A	R = a	Yes	Yes
β-Carotene	X = Y = a	Yes	Yes
β-Cryptoxanthin	X = a, Y = b	Yes	Yes
Zeaxanthin	X = Y = b	None	Yes
Lutein	X = b, Y = c	None	None
Capsorubin	X = Y = d	None	None
Capsanthin	X = b, Y = d	None	None
Capsanthol	X = b, Y = e	None	None
Lycopene	X = Y = f	None	None