Associations between &gamma;-glutamyl transferase, metabolic abnormalities and inflammation in healthy subjects from a population-based cohort: A possible implication for oxidative stress

doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i45.7109

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 11, Issue 45

This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Number of Hits and Downloads for This Article

Total Article Views (4403)

All Articles published online

The chart showing PDF series, HTML series, Figures (1-1) series, Tables (1-3) series.

Item

Count

PDF

512

HTML

3287

Figures (1-1)

306

Tables (1-3)

298

Sum=4403

Dec 7, 2005 (publication date) through Feb 24, 2025

Times Cited of This Article

Times Cited (56)

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Gastroenterology

ISSN

1007-9327

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Clinical Research

World J Gastroenterol. Dec 7, 2005; 11(45): 7109-7117
Published online Dec 7, 2005. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i45.7109

Table 1 Clinical and laboratory characteristics of all the patients, according to liver enzyme tertiles (left); associations of the variables listed with liver enzyme levels, as a continuous variable, by unadjusted linear regression analyses (right)

	AST	1^st tertile ( ≤14 U/L)	2^nd tertile (>14 ≤19 U/L)	3^rd tertile (>19 U/L)	β; 95%CI
Number		452	440	447
Age (yr)		54.0±5.8	54.7±5.8	55.0±5.5	0.08; 0.002	0.15
Male (%)		31.9	34.1	47.2	1.88; 1.00	2.76
Alcoholics (%)		41.6	45.0	51.8	1.28; 0.42	2.14
Alcohol (g/day within drinkers)		14.4±8.7	15.8±8.9	16.3±8.5	0.03; -0.05	0.11
Ever smokers (%)		48.3	40.2	41.4	-0.41; -1.27	0.45
BMI (kg/m²)		26.3±5.1	26.1±4.4	27.1±4.9	0.13; 0.04	0.22
Waist (cm)		88.6±13.4	89.3±12.4	92.5±13.0	0.09; 0.06	0.12
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)		132.1±15.3	132.8±16.2	134.8±16.3	0.034; 0.007	0.06
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		82.3±8.7	82.9±9.5	83.7±9.6	0.05;-0.02	0.078
Uric acid (mmol/L)		178.4±53.5	190.3±59.5	208.2±59.5	0.04;-0.007	0.087
Insulin (pmol/L)		10.2 (0.6-259.8)	10.8 (1.2-137.4)	11.4 (0.6-409.8)	0.74; 0.26	1.22
HOMA insulin resistance (mU/mL×mmol/L)		0.40 (0.02-31.8)	0.44 (0.05-16.6)	0.47 (0.02-25.9)	0.74; 0.30	1.18
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)		5.8±1.9	5.6±1.2	5.9±1.7	0.27; 0.0	0.54
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)		1.6±0.4	1.6±0.4	1.6±0.4	-0.46;-1.69	0.77
Triglycerides (mmol/L)		1.2 (0.5-5.2)	1.3 (0.6-8.7)	1.4 (0.4-5.4)	1.45; 0.5	2.5
Hs-CRP (mg/L)		1.40 (0.20-50.8)	1.30 (0.20-49.5)	1.60 (0.10-130.9)	0.33;-0.07	0.73
Metabolic syndrome (%)		20.1	19.3	26.4	1.54; 0.5	2.6
	ALT	1^st tertile ( ≤14 U/L)	2^nd tertile(>14 ≤22 U/L)	3^rd tertile(>22 U/L)	β; 95%CI
Number		444	459	436
Age (yr)		53.8±5.9	55.2±5.7	54.6±5.4	0.03; -0.09	0.16
Male (%)		23.4	35.1	55.0	5.1; 3.7	6.6
Alcoholics (%)		45.5	44.2	48.7	0.97; -0.46	2.4
Alcohol (g/day within drinkers)		15.2±8.4	16.0±9.0	15.5±8.8	0.03; -0.10	0.17
Ever smokers (%)		42.9	42.3	44.9	-0.07; -1.5	1.4
BMI (kg/m²)		25.0±4.5	26.6±4.6	28.0±4.9	0.69; 0.55	0.83
Waist (cm)		85.4±12.9	89.7±12.1	95.3±12.3	0.29; 0.23	0.35
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)		131.1±16.0	133.0±15.3	135.5±16.3	0.09; 0.05	0.13
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		81.7±9.3	82.8±8.8	84.4±9.5	0.15; 0.07	0.23
Uric acid (mmol/L)		172.5±53.5	190.3±53.5	214.1±59.5	0.05; 0.04	0.06
Insulin (pmol/L)		10.2 (0.6-151.2)	10.8 (0.6-409.8)	15.0 (0.6-244.2)	3.4; 2.6	4.2
HOMA insulin resistance (mU/mL×mmol/L)		0.38 (0.02-14.3)	0.43 (0.02-31.8)	0.63 (0.02-19.9)	3.5; 2.8	4.2
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)		5.5±1.4	5.6±1.2	6.1±2.1	1.5; 1.1	1.9
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)		1.6±0.4	1.6±0.3	1.5±0.3	-6.8; -8.8	-4.8
Triglycerides (mmol/L)		1.2 (0.5-8.0)	1.3 (0.4-8.7)	1.5 (0.5-5.4)	5.8; 4.2	7.4
Hs-CRP (mg/L)		1.10 (0.10-50.8)	1.40 (0.20-49.5)	1.60 (0.10-130.9	1.4; 0.8	2.1
Metabolic syndrome (%)		12.8	21.1	32.1	5.5; 3.8	7.2
	GGT	1^st tertile ( ≤12 U/L)	2^nd tertile (>12 ≤20 U/L)	3^rd tertile(>20 U/L)	β; 95%CI
Number		412	460	467
Age (yr)		53.6±5.5	54.8±5.8	55.1±5.7	0.009; 0.003	0.015
Male (%)		15.5	38.9	56.1	0.43; 0.37	0.50
Alcoholics (%)		36.6	47.9	52.7	0.15; 0.08	0.22
Alcohol (g/day within drinkers)		14.1±7.9	15.0±9.0	16.9±8.8	0.013; 0.007	0.019
Ever smokers (%)		36.9	43.6	48.8	0.13; 0.06	0.20
BMI (kg/m²)		24.9±4.2	26.7±4.7	27.7±5.0	0.03; 0.02	0.04
Waist (cm)		84.4±12.5	90.4±12.4	94.8±12.2	0.016; 0.014	0.018
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)		129.7±15.0	133.4±15.4	136.1±16.8	0.006; 0.004	0.008
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		81.5±8.7	82.8±9.3	84.4±9.6	0.009; 0.005	0.013
Uric acid (mmol/L)		166.5±47.6	190.3±59.5	214.1±59.5	0.0037;0.003	0.004
Insulin (pmol/L)		10.2 (0.6-120.0)	10.8 (1.2-409.8)	13.8 (0.6-396.0)	0.13; 0.09	0.17
HOMA insulin resistance (mU/mL×mmol/L)		0.37 (0.02-5.13)	0.43 (0.04-25.9)	0.60 (0.02-31.8)	0.14; 0.10	0.18
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)		5.4±1.1	5.7±1.4	6.1±2.1	0.09; 0.07	0.11
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)		1.7±0.3	1.6±0.3	1.5±0.3	-0.32;-0.22	-0.42
Triglycerides (mmol/L)		1.1 (0.4-4.4)	1.3 (0.4-8.7)	1.5 (0.6-8.0)	0.44; 0.36	0.52
Hs-CRP (mg/L)		1.00 (0.10-20.0)	1.40 (0.20-50.8)	1.80 (0.20-130.9)	0.12; 0.09	0.15
Metabolic syndrome (%)		11.6	20.2	32.8	0.35; 0.27	0.43

Median (range) is reported for not-normally distributed variables; their log-transformed values and log-GGT values are used in the analyses.

Table 2 Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the subjects with normal BMI and without any component of the metabolic syndrome, according to the tertile of liver enzyme concentrations (left); associations of the variables listed with liver enzyme levels, as a continuous variable, by unadjusted linear regression analyses (right)

	AST	1^st tertile ( ≤13 U/L)	2^nd tertile (>13 ≤17 U/L)	3^rd tertile (>17 U/L)	β; 95%CI
Number		67	69	69
Age (yr)		52.2±5.5	52.5±5.7	52.1±5.1	0.001;-0.16	0.16
Male (%)		22.4	34.8	42.0	0.8; -1.0	2.6
Alcoholics (%)		47.8	47.8	56.5	1.2; -0.5	2.9
Alcohol (g/day within drinkers)		15.5±9.1	13.8±9.0	18.5±9.1	0.05; -0.07	0.18
Ever smokers (%)		47.8	39.1	44.9	-0.63;-2.35	1.09
BMI (kg/m²)		21.8±2.0	22.1±1.9	22.1±2.1	0.07;-0.35	0.49
Waist (cm)		76.3±8.1	78.4±7.8	75.3±5.6	0.08;-0.02	0.18
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)		117.4±7.7	116.7±7.4	116.6±9.1	-0.05;-0.15	0.05
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		74.9±6.0	75.1±5.8	75.3±5.6	-0.01;-0.16	0.14
Uric acid (mmol/L)		154.6±47.6	160.6±41.6	172.5±53.5	0.014;-0.004	0.03
Insulin (pmol/L)		6.0 (0.6-49.2)	9.6 (1.2-108.6)	9.0 (3.0-72.0)	0.41;-0.90	1.72
HOMA insulin resistance (mU/mL´mmol/L)		0.25 (0.02-2.08)	0.34 (0.05-5.40)	0.30 (0.10-2.28)	0.48;-0.85	1.81
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)		5.1±0.4	5.1±0.5	5.2±0.7	0.84;-0.68	2.36
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)		1.8±0.3	1.7±0.4	1.8±0.3	1.73;-0.73	4.19
Triglycerides (mmol/L)		1.0 (0.5-1.7)	1.1 (0.6-1.7)	1.0 (0.4-1.7)	-0.48;-3.65	2.69
Hs-CRP (mg/L)		0.80 (0.10-20.0)	0.60 (0.20-12.6)	0.70 (0.20-8.90)	-0.16;-0.96	0.64
	ALT	1^st tertile ( ≤12 U/L)	2^nd tertile (>12 ≤17 U/L)	3^rd tertile (>17 U/L)	β; 95%CI
Number		66	67	72
Age (yr)		51.9±5.5	52.3±5.4	52.6±5.5	-0.04; -0.29	0.21
Male (%)		15.1	35.8	47.2	4.43; 1.57	7.29
Alcoholics (%)		45.4	50.7	55.6	2.02; -0.72	4.76
Alcohol (g/day within drinkers)		14.8±9.3	16.7±9.1	16.6±9.4	0.03; -0.2	0.26
Ever smokers (%)		47.0	46.3	38.9	-1.10; -3.86	1.66
BMI (kg/m²)		21.8±2.1	21.5±2.1	22.6±1.7	0.55; -0.13	1.23
Waist (cm)		76.8±7.2	75.4±8.8	81.2±7.3	0.23; 0.07	0.39
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)		115.2±9.0	117.4±6.3	117.9±8.4	0.09; -0.08	0.26
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		75.3±6.3	74.0±5.3	75.9±5.7	0.15; -0.08	0.38
Uric acid (mmol/L)		154.6±41.6	160.6±53.5	172.5±47.6	0.035; 0.008	0.06
Insulin (pmol/L)		7.5 (0.6-108.6)	9.6 (2.4-49.2)	8.4 (1.2-72.0)	1.24; -0.88	3.36
HOMA insulin resistance (mU/mL´mmol/L)		0.29 (0.02-5.40)	0.34 (0.09-2.08)	0.30 (0.05-2.56)	1.41; -0.73	3.54
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)		5.2±0.6	5.0±0.5	5.2±0.6	1.43; -1.02	3.88
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)		1.8±0.3	1.7±0.4	1.7±0.4	-2.07; -6.05	1.91
Triglycerides (mmol/L)		0.9 (0.5-1.7)	1.0 (0.4-1.5)	1.0 (0.4-1.7)	0.91; -4.22	6.04
Hs-CRP (mg/L)		0.80 (0.10-20.0)	0.50 (0.20-17.8)	0.95 (0.20-12.6)	1.15; -0.12	2.42
	GGT	1^st tertile ( ≤10 U/L)	2^nd tertile (>10 ≤16 U/L)	3^rd tertile (>16 U/L)	β; 95%CI
Number		68	71	66
Age (yr)		51.7±5.2	52.3±5.6	52.8±5.5	0.009; -0.008	0.026
Male (%)		17.6	29.6	53.0	0.48; 0.29	0.66
Alcoholics (%)		36.8	54.9	60.6	0.24; 0.06	0.42
Alcohol (g/day within drinkers)		11.2±7.9	16.6±8.6	18.6±9.6	0.012; -0.002	0.026
Ever smokers (%)		35.3	45.1	51.5	0.14; -0.05	0.33
BMI (kg/m²)		21.7±1.9	22.0±2.0	22.3±2.1	0.034; -0.012	0.08
Waist (cm)		76.4±7.2	76.4±8.6	81.1±7.7	0.19; 0.18	0.20
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)		116.0±9.0	117.3±6.3	117.4±8.7	0.008;-0.004	0.02
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		74.6±6.3	74.9±5.7	75.8±5.4	0.012;-0.004	0.03
Uric acid (mmol/L)		148.7±35.7	166.5±41.6	178.4±59.5	0.004; 0.002	0.006
Insulin (pmol/L)		9.6 (3.0-72.0)	9.0 (0.6-63.6)	8.4 (1.2-108.6)	0.004;-0.14	0.14
HOMA insulin resistance (mU/mL´mmol/L)		0.34 (0.10-2.28)	0.30 (0.02-2.56)	0.30 (0.04-5.40)	0.047; -0.09	0.18
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)		4.8±0.4	5.1±0.5	5.5±0.5	0.35; 0.19	0.51
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)		1.8±0.3	1.7±0.3	1.7±0.4	-0.12; -0.39	0.15
Triglycerides (mmol/L)		0.9 (0.4-1.5)	1.0 (0.4-1.7)	1.1 (0.7-1.7)	0.52; 0.19	0.85
Hs-CRP (mg/L)		0.50 (0.20-8.30)	0.80 (0.10-8.90)	0.95 (0.20-20.0)	0.21; 0.13	0.29

Median (range) is reported for not-normally distributed variables; their log-transformed values and log-GGT values are used in the analyses.

Table 3 Associations of different clinical and laboratory variables with liver enzyme levels in all the patients (left) and in subjects with normal BMI and without any component of the metabolic syndrome (right) in a multiple regression model

	ALL			Normal	BMI and no component of the MS
	β	95%CI		β	95%CI
	AST
Age	0.02	-0.06	0.10	-0.015	-0.17	0.14
Male	0.58	-0.54	1.70	-0.70	-3.05	1.65
Ever smoking	-1.06	-2.16	0.04	-0.54	-2.34	1.26
BMI	-0.13	-0.29	0.03	-0.25	-0.83	0.33
Waist	0.09	0.03	0.15	0.12	-0.04	0.28
G/day alcohol	0.04	0.0	0.08	0.07	-0.02	0.16
Hs-CRP	-0.015	-0.06	0.03	-0.29	-0.55	1.13
HOMA-IR	0.25	-0.28	0.77	0.26	-1.11	1.63
Triglycerides	0.17	-0.91	1.25	-1.39	-4.76	1.98
Uric acid	0.01	0.0	0.02	0.01	-0.009	0.03
		ALT
Age	-0.09	-0.21	0.02	-0.12	-0.37	0.13
Male	3.32	1.58	5.06	3.36	-0.32	7.04
Ever smoking	1.13	-0.30	2.56	-2.27	-5.11	0.57
BMI	0.22	-0.01	0.45	0.07	-0.83	0.97
Waist	0.10	0.01	0.19	0.11	-0.14	0.36
G/day alcohol	0.015	-0.05	0.08	0.03	-0.11	0.17
Hs-CRP	-0.04	-0.74	0.66	1.16	-0.15	2.47
HOMA-IR	1.85	1.03	2.67	0.91	-1.25	3.07
Triglycerides	2.07	0.37	3.77	-0.88	-6.15	4.39
Uric acid	0.015	0.001	0.03	0.01	-0.02	0.04
		GGT
Age	-0.0004	-0.006	0.006	-0.003	-0.019	0.013
Male	0.29	0.21	0.37	0.31	0.10	0.52
Ever smoking	0.02	-0.04	0.07	0.025	-0.16	0.20
BMI	-0.0003	-0.012	0.012	-0.02	-0.07	0.04
Waist	0.004	0.0	0.008	0.0035	-0.012	0.019
G/day alcohol	0.006	0.002	0.010	0.005	-0.003	0.014
Hs-CRP	0.09	0.05	0.12	0.19	0.11	0.27
HOMA-IR	0.03	-0.01	0.07	-0.05	-0.19	0.09
Triglycerides	0.21	0.13	0.29	0.26	-0.05	0.57
Uric acid	0.0012	0.0006	0.0018	0.002	0.0	0.004

Multiple regression analyses with adjustments for all the variables listed.

Citation: Bo S, Gambino R, Durazzo M, Guidi S, Tiozzo E, Ghione F, Gentile L, Cassader M, Pagano GF. Associations between γ-glutamyl transferase, metabolic abnormalities and inflammation in healthy subjects from a population-based cohort: A possible implication for oxidative stress. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11(45): 7109-7117
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v11/i45/7109.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v11.i45.7109