Clinical Research
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2005.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 14, 2005; 11(26): 4078-4084
Published online Jul 14, 2005. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i26.4078
Table 1 Characteristics of the investigated subjects
Males
PFemales
P
RuralUrbanRuralUrban
n = 115n = 102n = 102n = 98
Age (yr)43.1 ± 6.942.4 ± 7.10.80342.9 ± 6.841.3 ± 7.70.245
Height (cm)169.7 ± 6.0170.3 ± 3.70.496158.6 ± 4.2158.6 ± 4.40.417
Weight (kg)62.0 ± 6.465.9 ± 6.80.00453.5 ± 6.353.8 ± 6.90.175
BMI21.8 ± 2.222.6 ± 2.30.00320.9 ± 2.421.5 ± 2.40.072
Table 2 Intake of nutrients by the urban and rural subjects
Males
PFemales
P
RuralUrbanRuralUrban
n = 115n = 102n = 102n = 98
Energy (kcal)2 268 ± 5392 237 ± 5200.4472 560 ± 6612 449 ± 6350.084
Protein (g)83.5 ± 26.785.5 ± 23.80.37585.0 ± 27.491.8 ± 27.30.244
Fat (g)84.7 ± 28.290.8 ± 41.80.196103.9 ± 26.9104.3 ± 40.50.121
Carbohydrate (g)295.1 ± 106.8271.9 ± 101.10.320327.2 ± 129.8301.3 ± 111.80.758
Crude fiber (g)10.2 ± 4.710.0 ± 3.70.7079.5 ± 3.612.0 ± 9.80.017
Cholesterol (mg)389.1 ± 221.0352.7 ± 165.20.174344.7 ± 249.8441.3 ± 217.70.004
Carotene (μg)2 576.7 ± 2 105.72 693.8 ± 2 009.10.6752566.5 ± 2132.63 487.0 ± 1 872.20.001
Retinol (μg)118.0 ± 84.0116.6 ± 118.80.9290.4 ± 78.6137.1 ± 86.50.000
Folic acid (mg)395.6 ± 219.9357.6 ± 129.90.128375.5 ± 155.0452.6 ± 172.30.001
Vitamin C (mg)88.4 ± 52.380.4 ± 39.60.20596.2 ± 61.0102.2 ± 38.80.416
Vitamin E (mg)22.7 ± 10.827.0 ± 11.70.00524.2 ± 10.928.9 ± 11.10.003
Calcium (mg)525.6 ± 191.7446.8 ± 190.20.412406.9 ± 187.4505.0 ± 155.10.000
Phosphorus (mg)963.9 ± 311.0937.2 ± 216.80.4681 042.0 ± 390.21 099.8 ± 222.00.202
Potassium (mg)1 718.0 ± 575.51 745.0 ± 459.30.7051 808.9 ± 666.62 006.6 ± 453.20.015
Sodium (mg)4 584.7 ± 1 856.14 460.9 ± 2 297.60.666 091.1 ± 2 436.24 733.4 ± 1 590.20.000
Magnesium (mg)298.8 ± 93.4280.2 ± 63.20.09311.4 ± 104.2326.7 ± 64.40.215
Iron (mg)23.3 ± 8.822.9 ± 7.30.74422.7 ± 8.225.5 ± 6.80.009
Zinc (mg)12.73 ± 4.7811.53 ± 2.800.02813.25 ± 5.4213.99 ± 3.540.256
Selenium (μg)64.92 ± 29.6069.40 ± 37.200.32277.81 ± 42.6372.55 ± 38.140.36
Copper (mg)2.46 ± 1.532.24 ± 1.020.2272.30 ± 1.192.38 ± 0.680.589
SFA (g)21.14 ± 7.5122.83 ± 7.920.10724.12 ± 10.5625.84 ± 8.780.215
MUFA (g)32.05 ± 10.6835.83 ± 10.470.00936.53 ± 15.3642.34 ± 10.260.002
PUFA (g)18.62 ± 8.2723.01 ± 9.700.00021.90 ± 15.5826.41 ± 8.920.013
Oleic acid (g)29.40 ± 9.7933.12 ± 9.760.00533.50 ± 13.7438.46 ± 9.390.003
Linoleic acid (g)16.76 ± 7.4120.89 ± 8.760.00018.93 ± 8.6323.92 ± 8.120.000
Linolenic acid (g)1.64 ± 1.301.67 ± 1.460.8951.74 ± 1.622.76 ± 2.060.000
Arachidonic acid (g)0.088 ± 0.0410.087 ± 0.0410.9510.092 ± 0.0560.096 ± 0.0470.626
EPA (g)0.038 ± 0.0460.039 ± 0.0360.9000.050 ± 0.0410.034 ± 0.0320.004
DHA (g)0.079 ± 0.1000.069 ± 0.0630.3850.118 ± 0.0950.072 ± 0.0730.000
Table 3 Numbers of foods contributing to 29 nutrients with up to 90 cumulative % and 0.9 cumulative r2
Cumulative %
Cumulative r2
RuralUrbanCombinedRuralUrbanCombined
Energy495160332237
Protein798594512655
Fat2323251501117
Carbohydrate2629333877
Crude fiber656174741321
Cholesterol313637471012
Carotene23213847128
Retinol25303328755
Folic acid534959401319
Vitamin C382744521770
Vitamin E484554116516
Calcium9493104701930
Phosphorus8591102412851
Potassium1149912063361
Sodium13161614543
Magnesium8698109413158
Iron8494104452235
Zinc727886411544
Selenium73889682822
Copper76758891931
SFA2222361001014
MUFA1617217098
PUFA1816231385113
Oleic acid15151714268
Linoleic acid17151814358
Linolenic acid31285613612
Arachidonic acid (g)243253531717
EPA223251301723
DHA142936241312
Mean464858721430
Table 4 Percentage contributions of the top five foods for energy and protein
EnergyProtein
Rural
Urban
Combined
Rural
Urban
Combined
Rice45.8Rice38.2Rice41.9Rice28.6Rice23.6Rice25.7
Pork7.7Peanut oil8.9Peanut oil7.8Pork7.5Pork6.6Pork6.8
Peanut oil6.9Pork6.9Pork7.1Grass carp3.4Beef4.0Grass carp3.6
Mixed oil4.2Mixed oil6.4Mixed oil5.3Egg3.2Grass carp3.8Egg3.5
Lard4.1Lard3.2Lard3.7Fish2.9Egg3.8Beef2.9
Table 5 Percentage contribution of the top five foods for fat and carbohydrate
FatCarbohydrate
Rural
Urban
Combined
Rural
Urban
Combined
Peanut oil21.7Peanut oil24.2Peanut oil22.9Rice70.4Rice67.5Rice70.4
Pork20.2Mixed oil17.6Pork17.4Noodle3.2Noodle3.3Noodle3.2
Mixed oil13.3Pork15.7Mixed oil15.6Bread2.3Bread3.0Bread2.3
Lard13.1Lard11.0Lard11.0Rice noodles1.7Rice noodles2.1Rice noodles1.7
Pork chops3.7Pork chops3.6Pork chops3.6White sugar1.6White sugar1.9White sugar1.6
Table 6 Percentage coverage of nutrients by the SQFFQ
% coverage
RuralUrbanCombined
Energy94.394.293.7
Protein91.790.188.4
Fat95.093.593.8
Carbohydrate94.395.494.6
Crude fiber86.587.387.5
Cholesterol93.388.986.3
Carotene88.793.990.3
Retinol91.881.789.1
Folic acid91.592.892.5
Vitamin C86.394.691.2
Vitamin E89.788.389.4
Calcium87.387.388.6
Phosphorus92.490.586.4
Potassium86.890.588.2
Sodium97.796.195.1
Magnesium89.790.990.1
Iron83.590.389.6
Zinc90.991.991.6
Selenium86.683.785.8
Copper87.986.887.4
SFA94.790.592.6
MUFA96.295.688.4
PUFA91.191.797.6
Oleic acid96.595.790.2
Linoleic acid94.292.197.6
Linolenic acid91.292.282.7
Arachidonic acid (g)90.388.592.7
EPA82.480.287.6
DHA88.481.982.9
Mean90.790.290.0
Table 7 Comparison of percentage contributions of the top three foods for energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrates in urban and rural areas of Jiangsu, Chongqing and Chaoshan in China
Percentage contribution
Energy
Urban
JiangsuRice36.9Salad oil6.9Flour5.9
ChongqingRice30.1Rape oil10.2Pork6.2
ChaoshanRice45.8Pork7.7Peanut oil6.9
Rural
JiangsuRice39.5Lard14.2Pork5.3
ChongqingRice32.1Rape oil12.2Flour7.7
ChaoshanRice38.2Peanut oil8.9Pork6.9
Protein
Urban
JiangsuRice23.1Pork7.2Egg5.0
ChongqingRice17.5Horse bean8.0Pork6.5
ChaoshanRice28.6Pork7.5Grass card3.4
Rural
JiangsuRice34.4Pork6.5Egg4.3
ChongqingRice20.4Pork7.4Flour7.0
ChaoshanRice23.6Pork6.6Beef4.0
Fat
Urban
JiangsuSalad oil22.1Soybean oil17.1Pork9.5
ChongqingRape oil30.0Pork15.3Salad oil1.5
ChaoshanPeanut oil21.7Pork20.2Salad oil13.3
Rural
JiangsuLard45.8Pork16.4Rape oil11.7
ChongqingRape oil32.3Lard13.5Pork12.2
ChaoshanPeanut oil24.2Salad oil17.6Pork15.7
Carbohydrate
Urban
JiangsuRice57.1Flour8.7Noodle2.9
ChongqingRice55.1Flour10.3Noodle7.9
ChaoshanRice73.7Noodle2.8Bread1.7
Rural
JiangsuRice59.6Noodle5.8Corn5.7
ChongqingRice60.1Flour16.6Peas2.8
ChaoshanRice67.5Noodle3.3Bread3.0