Association of Helicobacter pylori infection and giardiasis: Results from a study of surrogate markers for fecal exposure among children

Table 1 Selected characteristics of 121 children admitted to a public hospital in Salvador, Brazil, 2001-2002.

	N (%)
Age group (in yr)
1-3	43 (35.5)
4-6	50 (41.3)
7-9	16 (13.2)
10-12	12 (9.9)
Gender
Male	66 (54.5)
Female	55 (45.5)
Ethnicity
Black	56 (46.3)
Mixed	59 (48.8)
White	6 (5.0)
Educational attainment of family supporter
Less than middle school	87 (71.9)
Complete middle and less than high school	21 (17.4)
High school or more	13 (10.7)
Household monthly income1
Less than $US 100.00	38 (31.4)
$US 100.00 to $US 190.00	63 (52.1)
More than $US 190.00	20 (16.5)
Crowding index
≤1.0	50 (41.3)
1.1-2.0	45 (37.2)
2.1-3.0	15 (12.4)
>3.0	11 (9.1)
Presence of enteroparasites
Endolimax nana	61 (50.4)
Ascaris lumbricoides	48 (39.7)
Trichiurus trichiura	23 (19.0)
Giardia lamblia	19 (15.7)
Entamoeba histolytica	6 (5.0)
Iodamoeba butschlii	6 (5.0)

¹In $US.

Table 2 Seropositivity for H pylori and HAV in the study population, Salvador, Brazil, 2001-2002.

Age group (in yr)	Number of subjects	Seropositive for H pylori n (%)	Seropositive for HAV n (%)
1-3	43	12 (27.9)	7 (16.3)
4-6	50	25 (50.0)	19 (38.0)
7-9	16	7 (43.8)	12 (75.0)
10-12	12	7 (58.3)	7 (58.3)
Total	121	51 (42.2)	45 (37.2)

χ² for linear trend: 4.01 (P = 0.045) and 16.07 (P<10^-4) for age in the H pylori and HAV groups, respectively.

Table 3 Age-adjusted OR for the association between H pylori or hepatitis A infection (HAV) and selected characteristics in 121 children, Salvador, Brazil, 2001-2002.

Sociodemographic characteristics	Seropositivity for H pylori	Seropositivity for HAV
	OR (95% CI)1	OR (95% CI)1
Gender
Male	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
Female	1.0 (0.5-2.0)	0.8 (0.4-1.7)
Ethnicity
Non-black	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
Black	2.1 (0.9-4.5)	0.7 (0.3-1.6)
Crowding index
≤1.0	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
1.1-2.0	0.8 (0.4-1.6)	1.0 (0.5-2.2)
2.1-3.0	1.0 (0.3-3.2)	1.0 (0.3-3.4)
>3.0	3.3 (0.9-12.4)	9.6 (2.0-46.1)b
Sanitary conditions
Poor garbage disposal quality (vs good)	2.5 (1.1-5.3)a	2.3 (1.0-5.2)a
Poor household excreta disposal system (vs good)	1.7 (0.8-3.6)	2.8 (1.2-6.1)a
Home restroom outside the household (vs inside)	2.6 (1.0-6.3)a	3.8 (1.4-9.9)b
Presence of intestinal parasites None	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
Ascaris lumbricoides	1.3 (0.6-3.1)	2.1 (0.8-5.4)
Trichiurus trichiura	0.9 (0.3-2.7)	1.4 (0.4-4.7)
G lamblia	3.6 (1.1-11.8)a	4.3 (1.3-13.9)a
Endolimax nana	1.7 (0.8-3.8)	2.1 (0.9-4.9)
Entamoeba histolytica	0.7 (0.1-4.6)	0.3 (0.0-3.4)
Iodamoeba butschlii	1.5 (0.3-8.6)	0.4 (0.0-3.5)

¹OR (95% CI);

^aP<0.05,

^bP<0.01 other groups.

Table 4 Results of the multivariate analysis of selected variables and their association with H pylori or HAV infection in 121 children, Salvador, Brazil, 2001-2002.

	Seropositivity for H pylori	Seropositivity for HAV
	OR (95% CI)1	OR (95% CI)1
Age group (in yr)
1-3	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
4-9	2.6 (1.1-6.1)a	5.1 (1.913.9)b
10-12	4.2 (1.0-16.7)a	9.0 (2.039.5)b
Sanitary conditions
Poor garbage disposal quality (vs good)	2.4 (1.1-5.1)a	2.2 (0.94.9)
Presence of intestinal parasites
G. lamblia	3.2 (1.1-9.5)a	3.7 (1.211.7)b

¹OR (95% CI);

^aP<0.05,

^bP<0.01 vs others.