Basic Research
Copyright ©2005 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Gastroenterol. Mar 28, 2005; 11(12): 1737-1741
Published online Mar 28, 2005. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i12.1737
Table 1 Anthropometric, metabolic, and biochemical variables of cases and controls (mean±SD).
VariableCases (n = 98)Controls (n = 98)P1
Age (yr)48.5 (11.3)44.4 (11.9)0.012
Weight (kg)82.1 (12.5)72.0 (17.4)<0.00012
Height (cm)167.8 (8.9)168.1 (9.4)0.96
Waist (cm)98.7 (9.1)85.1 (11.1)<0.00012
Hip (cm)107.4 (9.6)99.6 (6.4)<0.00012
Waist to hip ratio0.92 (0.07)0.85 (0.09)<0.00012
BMI29.2 (3.7)24.7 (3.0)<0.00012
Body fat (%)31.2 (6.7)26.3 (6.4)<0.00012
Alcohol (g/d)5.5 (10.9)4.5 (6.6)0.95
Cigarettes (n/d)3.6 (8.2)3.6 (9.9)0.9
Glucose (mmol/L)5.86 (2.26)4.91 (0.59)<0.00012
Insulin (pmol/L)65.28 (36.8)36.11 (22.91)<0.00012
HOMA index2.5 (1.9)1.2 (0.9)<0.00012
Uric acid (mmol/L)374.72 (77.32)333.08 (83.27)0.0032
Total protein (g/L)71 (4)70 (5)0.56
Albumin (g/L)41 (3)41 (3)0.39
Total bilirubin (mmol/L)17.1 (9.91)15.56 (6.49)0.3
Direct bilirubin (mmol/L)2.56 (4.27)2.39 (1.19)0.39
Indirect bilirubin (mmol/L)14.19 (6.32)12.99 (6.15)0.11
ALT (U/L)32.0 (17.2)24.6 (7.2)<0.00012
AST (U/L)42.8 (29.5)26.6 (14.3)<0.00012
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)69.7 (23.4)63.9 (20.4)0.042
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)5.61 (1.08)5.09 (0.84)<0.00012
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)3.57 (0.83)3.25 (0.74)0.0032
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)0.96 (0.23)1.06 (0.26)0.0032
Triglycerides (mmol/L)2.56 (2.4)1.71 (1.31)<0.00012
Leptin (mg/mL)12.5 (8.5)9.10 (5.6)0.006
Adiponectin (mg/mL)15.3 (9.0)20.7 (10.8)<0.00012
1Mann–Whitney U test.
2Significant differences.
Table 2 Dietary variables between cases and controls (mean±SD).
VariableCases (n = 98)Controls (n = 98)P1
Calories (Kcal/d)2329 (1143)1891 (718)0.0012
Protein (g/d)80 (45)68 (24)0.032
Carbohydrates (g/d)290 (139)239 (115)0.0032
Fructose (g/d)36 (26)29 (21)0.022
Glucose (g/d)30 (22)23 (17)0.022
Total fat (g/d)79 (46)64 (25)0.0052
Saturated fatty acids (g/d)27 (18)21 (9)0.006
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/d)37 (21)30 (11)0.006
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/d)15 (8)13 (7)0.022
Iron (mg/d)14 (6)12 (5)0.032
Zinc (mg/d)17 (8)16 (7)0.24
Copper (mg/d)2 (1)2 (1)0.55
Manganese (mg/d)17 (13)18 (36)0.032
Selenium (mg/d)38 (21)36 (21)0.24
Vitamin C (mg/d)233 (227)183 (117)0.042
Carotene (UI/d)6873 (4185)5995 (4818)0.032
α-Carotene (mg/d)415 (347)348 (450)0.012
β-Carotene (mg/d)3140 (2054)2708 (2045)0.02
Lutein–xanthine (mg/d)1608 (1107)1624 (1138)0.89
Vitamin E (mg/d)8 (4)8 (4)0.48
Total tocopherol (mg/d)24 (12)20 (10)0.02
α-Tocopherol (mg/d)10 (5)9 (4)0.022
β-Tocopherol (mg/d)1 (4)1 (5)0.012
γ-Tocopherol (mg/d)13 (8)11 (6)0.06
δ-Tocopherol (mg/d)2 (2)2 (1)0.07
Cholesterol (mg/d)270 (203)222 (118)0.09
Alcohol (mg/d)3 (7)3 (5)0.6
Caffeine (mg/d)166 (206)116 (171)0.012
1Mann–Whitney U test.
2Significant differences.
Table 3 Quartile (Q) distribution of adiponectin between cases (by HS grade) and controls.
Adiponectin quartileCases (HS)
Controls
Grade I
Grade II
Grade III
n%n%n%n%
Q11414.31429.22146.700
Q22323.51531.3920240
Q32929.61020.8920120
Q43232.7918.8613.3240
Total9810048100451005100
χ2 for linear trend = 11.7, P = 0.001.
Table 4 Quartile (Q) distribution of leptin between cases (by HS grade) and controls.
Leptin quartileCases (HS)
Controls
Grade I
Grade II
Grade III
n%n%n%n%
Q13030.6918.8920120
Q22525.51531.3817.8120
Q32323.51122.91533.300
Q42020.41327.11328.9360
Total9810048100451005100
χ2 for linear trend = 4.8, P = 0.03.
Table 5 Multivariate model1 obtained by logistic regression analysis testing adiponectin concentration (by quartile) as a protective main effect.
QuartileOR95%CIP
Q11
Q20.330.101.020.052
Q30.240.070.770.022
Q40.170.040.670.012
1Model controlled for: gender (female vs male), age (≥45 vs <45 yr), leptin (quartiles), BMI (<25, 25–29.9, ≥30), caloric intake (kcal/d), total-cholesterol (≥240 vs <240 mg/dL), HDL-cholesterol (<40 vs≥40 mg/dL), waist (>102 cm in male, >88 cm in female), and HOMA index (≥2.5 vs <2.5).
2Significant differences.