Effects of rhubarb and the active ingredients of rhubarb on the cytoplasmic free calcium in INT-MNC of rabbits

Abstract

Key Words: Fura-2/Am; rhubarb; emodin; sennosides; intestinal mononuclear cells; calcium

INTRODUCTION

The recent studies have shown that rhubarb has not only the effect of removing stasis by purgation, but also intestinal barrier effects[1,2]. In order to further clarify the intestinal barrier mechanism of rhubarb, we studied the effects of rhubarb decoction and the active ingredients of rhubarb on the cytoplasmic free calcium in isolated intestinal mononuclear cells (INT-MNC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

Fura-2/Am was purchased from the Shanghai Institute of Physiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Eagle’s MEM was purchased from Nissui Pharmaceutical Company, Japan. Collagenase (typeIV) and emodin (EMD) were products of Sigma Chemical Co. Sennosides (SEN) was provided by the Department of Plant Chemistry of the Tianjin Institute of Materia Medica. Rhubarb decoction (equal to 1 g/mL of protophyte) was provided by the Department of Pharmacology of the Tianjin Acute Abdominal Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine. Dithiothreitol (DTT) was purchased from Feibiochemi.

Animals

Rabbits weighing 2.2 kg ± 1.2 kg, in either sex, supplied by the An imal Department of Tianjin Medical University. They were randomly divided into control, rhubarb, EMD and SEN groups.

Preparation of INT-MNC suspension and Fura-2/Am loading

The rabbits were killed by a blow on the head and the abdomen was opened. Take 30 cm-40 cm of the ileum 10 cm from the ileocecal part, wash out the stool and mucoid on the surface of the mucosa with Hank’s solution (NaCl 137, KCl 5, Glucose 5.6 and Hepes 10 mmol/L, pH7.4) which is Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ free. Take the intestinal mucosa gently with coverglass and put it into a conical flask containing Dithiothreitol (DTT, 1 mmol/L) solution, swing and wash for 20 min at 37 °C, then put the mucosa into 5 mmol/L EDTA solution and swing for 30 min at 37 °C, and wash out the free epithelial cells using Hank’s solution. Repeat the procedure of EDTA for 3 times. Then put the intestinal mucosa into Hank’s solution containing collagenase. To digest it, swing for 3 h at 37 °C, filter 3 times with stainless sieve of 100 mesh. Put the cells into the lymphocyte separate solution and centrifuged at 500rpm for 5 min. Take the cells of the middle layer (INT-MNC), wash with ice-cold Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ free Hank’s solution and resuspend in Eagle’s MEM solution and dilute to a concentration of 1-2 × 10⁸ mL/L.

Two mL cell suspension was incubated at super-thermostat water bath vibrator for 30 min in the presence of 5 μmol/L Fura-2/AM dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 0.1％ bovine serum albumin (37 °C, 40 rev/min, 95％ O₂+5% CO₂). The Fura-2/Am-loaded INT-MNC was washed with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ free Hank’s solution and centrifuged at 1000rpm for 10 min for three times. The INT-MNC was resuspended in 2 mL Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ free Hank’s solution until use.

Fluorescence measurement and [Ca²⁺]i- calculated

The 2 mL Fura-2 loaded INT-MNC was incubated for 10 min at 37 °C for measurement. After the drugs were added and before measurement, the cell suspensions were blown and inspired 5-6 times with pipet to make the cell well distributed. Fura2/AM fluorescence was measured with RF-510 spectrofluorophotometer (Shimadzu, with thermostat). Emission wavelength (EM) was fixed at 490 nm. The excitation wavelength (EX) at 380 or 350 nm, the grating was 10 nm. The scanning speed was 100 nm/min. The changes of 350/380 nm fluorescence ratio were recorded by alternating rapidly the EX of 350 nm and 380 nm manually (the rotating was finished within 4 s - 6 s). The [Ca²⁺]i was calculated using the general formula[3] with Kd of 224 nmol/L: [Ca²⁺]i = Kd × (R-Rmin)/(Rmax-R) × S. Before calculation, the auto-fluorescence unloaded with Fura-2 should be subtracted.

Statistical analysis

The results were expressed as mean values of groups ¯x ± s. The Student t test was used for statistical comparison of difference of mean values between groups.

RESULTS

The effects of CaCl₂ on [Ca²⁺]i

In the resting status, the INT-MNC[Ca²⁺]i was 252.55 nmol/L ± 42.54 nmol/L (n = 10) in Ca²⁺ free Hank’s solution containing ethyleneglycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N’,N’,N’,N’ tetraacetic acid (EGTA) 0.5 mmol/L. After adding CaCl₂ (0.25 mmol/L, 0.75 mmol/L, 1.5 mmol/L and 2.5 mmol/L) to INT-MNC suspension sequentially, the [Ca²⁺]i levels were obviously elevated as compared with that at resting state (P ＜ 0.01, Figure 1). This indicated that [Ca²⁺]i was increased with the extracellular calcium level.

Figure 1 Effects of rhubarb decoction on the increase of [Ca²⁺]i induced by CaCl₂ in isolated rabbits intestinal mucosal INT-MNC. ^aP ＜ 0.05, ^bP ＜ 0.01 vs control. ● Control (n = 8); △ Rhubarb decoction 1 mg/L (n = 5); ▲ Rhubarb decoction 2 mg/L (n = 5).

The effects of rhubarb decoction and SEN on [Ca²⁺]i

The INT-MNC was pretreated with rhubarb decoction (1 mg/L, 2 mg/L) or SEN (0.021 mmol/L, 0.084 mmol/L) for 15 min, in the resting state or after adding the above doses of CaCl₂, the INT-MNC [Ca²⁺]i was more obviously lowered than the control groups (P ＜ 0.01, Figure 1, Figure 2). The results showed that both rhubarb and SEN decreased the INT-MNC[Ca²⁺]i.

Figure 2 Effects of SEN on the increase of [Ca²⁺]i induced by CaCl₂ in isolated rabbits intestinal mucosal INT-MNC. ^aP ＜ 0.05, ^bP ＜ 0.01 vs control. ● Control (n = 6); △ SEN 0.021 mmol/L (n = 5); ▲ SEN 0.084 mmol/L (n = 5).

The effects of EMD on [Ca²⁺]i

After pretreated with EMD (9.2 μmol/L, 18.5 μmol/L, and 37 μmol/L) for 15 min, in the resting status or adding the above doses of CaCl₂, the INT-MNC [Ca²⁺]i was significantly increased as compared with that of the control groups (P ＜ 0.01, Figure 3). The results showed that EMD promoted not only the release of intracellular Ca²⁺ but also the extracellular influx.

Figure 3 Effects of EMD on the increase of [Ca²⁺]i induced by CaCl₂ in isolated rabbits intestinal mucosal INT-MNC. ^aP ＜ 0.05, ^bP ＜ 0.01 vs control. ● Control (n = 10); △ EMD 9.2 μmol/L (n = 10); □ EMD 18.5 μmol/L (n = 8); ■ EMD 37 μmol/L (n = 7).

DISCUSSION

Intestine is one of the largest immune organs. Intestinal mucosa immune defence system is made up of correlative lymphoid tissues. INT-MNC mainly consists of macrophage and lymphocytes. The separated INT-MNC produces immunoglobulin (Ig) spontaneously in vitro[4]. It has an important effect on the immune regulation. Intracellular Ca²⁺ can regulate the endocrine system. When the Ca²⁺ level increases, Ca²⁺ produces physiologic effect as a stimulant. But when intracellular Ca²⁺ has overloaded, the function of cell arrests, eventually initiated the cascade of deleterious events leading to cell death. This study indicates that the INT-MNC pretreated with rhubarb decoction or SEN, decreased the [Ca²⁺]i dose-dependently as compared with the control groups (P ＜ 0.01) when it is resting or is added with an equivalent amount of CaCl₂. This is consistent with the previous results that the rhubarb has a Ca²⁺ channel blocking activity[5-7]. The antagonizing Ca²⁺ effects of rhubarb or SEN may be responsible for the intestinal barrier protective effect. On the contrary, the EMD promotes not only the release of intracellular Ca²⁺, but the extracellular influx. This shows that the EMD can improve body immune function. Both SEN and EMD are active ingredients of rhubarb. The different effects of rhubarb and the different active ingredients of rhubarb on the Ca²⁺ level suggest that rhubarb has many kinds of immunological regulatory effects on INT-MNC.