Endoscopic transgastric fenestration versus percutaneous drainage for management of (peri)pancreatic fluid collections adjacent to gastric wall (with video)

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Percutaneous drainage (PCD) and endoscopic approaches have largely replaced surgical drainage as the initial approach for (peri) pancreatic fluid collections (PFC)s, while complications associated with endoscopic stent implantation are common.

AIM

To introduce a novel endoscopic therapy named endoscopic transgastric fenestration (ETGF), which involves resection of tissue by endoscopic accessory between gastric and PFCs without stent implantation, and to evaluate its efficacy and safety compared with PCD for the management of PFCs adjacent to the gastric wall.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with PFCs adjacent to the gastric wall and who subsequently received ETGF or PCD were restrospectively enrolled. Indications for intervention were consistent with related guidelines. We analyzed patients baseline characteristics, technical and clinical success rate, recurrence and reintervention rate, procedure-related complications and adverse events.

RESULTS

Seventy-two eligible patients were retrospectively identified (ETGF = 34, PCD = 38) from October 2017 to May 2021. Patients in the ETGF group had a significantly higher clinical success rate than those in the PCD group (97.1 vs 76.3%, P = 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences regarding recurrence, reintervention and incidence of complication between the two groups. While long-term catheter drainage was very common in the PCD group.

CONCLUSION

Compared with PCD, ETGF has a higher clinical success rate in the management of PFCs adjacent to the gastric wall. ETGF is an alternative effective strategy for the treatment of PFCs adjacent to the gastric wall.

Key Words: (Peri) Pancreatic fluid collections; Endoscopic transgastric fenestration; Percutaneous drainage

Core Tip: Inspired by endoscopic full-thickness resection, we proposed the concept of endoscopic transgastric fenestration (ETGF), which involves resection of connect tissue between the gastric wall and (peri) pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) with the assistance of endoscopic accessory to treat PFCs secondary to pancreatitis adjacent to the gastric wall, avoiding the stent implantation. In the current study, we evaluate the efficacy and safety of ETGF by comparing with percutaneous drainage for the management of PFCs adjacent to the gastric wall.

INTRODUCTION

Pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) are causes of fluid leakage or liquefaction of pancreatic necrosis following acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, surgery or abdominal trauma[1]. Collections usually forms 4 wk after the onset of acute pancreatitis and the majority resolve spontaneously[1]. Indications to intervene PFCs include infection and symptomatic sterile necrosis, while persistent collections that are asymptomatic may be observed[1-3]. Percutaneous drainage (PCD) and an endoscopic approach with stent implantation have replaced surgical drainage as the initial treatment for PFCs which reduce the complications and costs of hospitalization[3-7]. The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recommends endoscopy or PCD as the first interventional method for PFCs[8]. PCD is an attractive and conventional approach that appears to be safe and the least invasive. However, inability to remove necrotic debris in the cavity has restricted its use[5,6,9]. Commonly, transluminal endoscopic drainage with stent implantation is an effective method[4,7]. However, embedding, displacement, and bleeding related to stent implantation are common complications, which leads to multi-interventions, and hence resulting in additional cost[10-12]. In addition, application of stent has been limited due to its high cost and is not commercial in some tertiary hospitals in China. Inspired by endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR), Liu et al[13] first conducted endoscopic transgastric fenestration (ETGF), an innovative endoscopic treatment avoiding the implantation of a stent to manage PFCs. ETGF involves endoscopic resection of connected tissues between gastric and pancreatic lesions with the assistance of endoscopic accessory, which can drain the collection of fluid in the cavity and debride the necrotic debris inside. In this retrospective study, the primary objective was to assess the availability of ETGF by comparing the rate of technical and clinical success, recurrence and reintervention with patients who received PCD. The secondary objective was to assess its safety by evaluating complications related to the procedure.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patient enrollment

Patients diagnosed with PFCs at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between October 2017 and May 2021 were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria included patients diagnosed with PFCs that was adjacent to the gastric wall and who subsequently received ETGF or PCD. Indications to intervene PFCs were consistent with related guidelines[1,8]. Patients with incomplete clinical data and who were lost to follow-up were excluded. All patients underwent ultrasonography (USG), computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography to evaluate the lesion prior to the procedure. Patients in the ETGF group underwent endoscopy at least twice to observe the absorption of the cavity and the natural healing of the artificial fistula between the gastric wall and the cavity, the majority of which almost healed within 1 mo. CT or USG was reviewed within 6 mo after treatment. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee and all patients were provided written informed consent to undergo the procedures (KY-2021-00642).

Definitions

PFCs were defined according to the revised Atlanta consensus related to acute pancreatitis[1]. Technical success was defined as the ability to access the lesion. Clinical success was defined as symptom relief with PFCs reduced to < 2 cm within 6 mo without another alternative drainage procedure.

ETGF technique

Endoscopic drainages were performed under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation as follows: (1) Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) was used to determine the lesion location, whether a large vessel was hidden in the operative region and marked the site of fenestration using a Hook knife (KD-620LR, Olympus); (2) then the mucosal layer of the fenestration site was then removed with an endoscopic snare and full-thickness incision was subsequently made with the Hook knife, fluid in the collection was seen to pour out spontaneously; (3) re-evaluation of the fistula between the stomach and cavity; (4) the gastric-collections incision was enlarged to a diameter of approximately 2 cm to the facilitate the operation and drainage by EFTR; (5) coagulating styptic forcep was used for hemostasis (Coagrasper, FD-410LR; Olympus); (6) the endoscope was advanced into the collection, and the content of the PFCs was further cleaned with saline rinse and vacuum suction, debris was removed by snare assistance, and (7) nasocystic tube (18 Fr) was indwelled if necessary (large or complicated with infection) and endoscopy was undertaken twice to observe the healing of the artificial fistula, most of which closed within one month (Figures 1 and 2, Video).

Figure 1 Endoscopic transgastric fenestration: From location to endoscopic full-thickness resection. A: Preoperative computed tomography scan of (peri) pancreatic collections; B: Gastric bulge caused by (peri) pancreatic collections under upper endoscope view; C: Assessment of fenestration site under endoscopic ultrasound; D: Marked the mucous layer; E: Resect the mucosal layer by endoscopic mucosal resection; F: Full-thickness incision was operated.

Figure 2 Endoscopic transgastric fenestration: Enlarge the aperture of opening and debridement. A: Collections inflowing via the artificial fistula; B: Enlarged the aperture of opening with hook knife; C: The artificial fistula (about 2 cm in diameter) between the gastric wall and the cavity was made; D: Debridement of necrotic tissue under endoscopic direct vision; E: Endoscopic review of the fistula showed fistula almost healed one months later; F: The reviewed computed tomography scan one month after endoscopic transgastric fenestration.

PCD technique

Under local anesthesia using lignocaine, an 18-gauge needle was placed into the PFCs percutaneously with the guidance of USG or CT scan and the fluid was aspirated. A guidewire was then advanced into the collection. The tract was dilated and then a pigtail catheter of 8 or 10 Fr was inserted into the lesion. The catheter was replaced when the drainage tube failed due to obstruction and eventually removed when the collections was < 2 cm in length.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics v26.0. For continuous variables, the mean ± SD was used to describe data that fitted a normal distribution and quartiles were used for data that did not conform to normal distribution. Statistical significance was analyzed by the t-test and nonparametric test respectively. Counting card information was described by percentage and performed by the chi-square test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Between October 2017 and May 2021, a total of 72 patients were enrolled in this study (ETGF = 34, PCD = 38, Figure 3). There were no statistically differences regarding sex and size of the lesion between the two groups. Patients in the ETGF group were younger than in PCD group (36.8 ± 12.9 years vs 46.0 ± 16.8years, P = 0.01). The clinical success rate in the ETGF group was significantly higher than that in the PCD group (97.1 vs 76.3%, P = 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences regarding recurrence and reintervention between the two groups. Although the complication rate was similar in the two groups, catheter related adverse events were common in the PCD group (2.9 vs 34.3 %, P = 0.001). Patients were followed up by the electronic medical record system combined with telephone consultation for a median follow-up of 35 wk (9-85 wk). There was no procedure related mortality in either groups. The largest lesion was encountered in the endoscopic group with a length of 220 mm. Baseline characteristics and patient demographics are shown in Table 1. Primary and secondary outcomes are shown in Table 2.

Figure 3 Flow-chart for this retrospective study. ETGF: Endoscopic transgastric fenestration; PFCs: (peri) Pancreatic collections; PCD: Percutaneous drainage.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics.

	ETGF (%)	PCD (%)	P value
Total	34	38
Male	24 (70.6)	26 (68.4)	0.84
Mean age	36.8 ± 12.9	46.0 ± 16.8	0.01
Mean length of lesions (mm)	109.4 ± 7.8	94.8 (80.8-133.2)	0.89
Cause of pancreastitis
Hyperlipidemia	10 (29.4)	8 (21.1)
Gallstone	8 (23.5)	8 (21.1)
Alcohol	9 (26.5)	6 (15.8)
Trauma	1 (2.9)	4 (10.5)
Autoimmunity	1 (2.9)	3 (7.9)
Pancreatic duct stones	3 (8.8)
Choledochocyst		1 (2.6)
Idiopathic	1 (2.9)	8 (21.1)
Clinical symptoms1
Abdominal pain (%)	24 (70.6)	27 (71.1)
Abdominal distention (%)	6 (17.65)	5 (13.2)
Nausea or vomiting	5	3
Fever	6	1
Asymptomatic	1	2
Preintervention	6	4
PCD	4	3
ETGF	1
Surgery	1	1
Opportunity of intervention2			0.381
< 4 wk	7	13
> 4 wk	21	24
Total interventions	1.03 ± 0.03	1.32 ± 0.09	0.003
Total hospital visits	1.0 (0)	1.0 (1.0)	0.278
Total hospital stays(days)	14.5 (10.25)	19.0 (20.5)	0.177
Total cost ($)	4852 (3877)	5206 (8377)	0.955

¹Multiple symptoms may coexist in one patient, so we didn't calculate percentages of each item.

²Here, we excluded patients that preintervention was inconsistent with original treatment in our hospital.

ETGF: Endoscopic transgastric fenestration; PCD: Percutaneous drainage.

Table 2 Endoscopic transgastric fenestration vs percutaneous drainage for management of (peri) pancreatics, n (%).

	ETGF	PCD	P value
Technical success	34 (100)	38 (100)
Clinical success	33/34 (97.1)	29/38 (76.3)	0.01
Recurrence	1/34 (2.94)	4/38 (10.5)	0.42
Reintervention	10/34 (29.4)	171/38 (44.7)	0.18
Complication			1.00
	Bleeding 4 (11.76)	Bleeding 2 (5.26)
		Local infection 2 (5.26)
		Adhesion to surrounding tissue 1 (2.63)
Catheter related adverse events			0.001
	Tube dislodgment 1 (2.9)	Intubation time > 8 wk 11 (28.9)
		Drainage obstruction 5 (13.2)

¹There were 8 patients who received a twice percutaneous drainage (PCD) and another 3 required no less than three times of PCD, 2 transferred to endoscopic transgastric fenestration and 7 to surgery after PCD failure. ETGF: Endoscopic transgastric fenestration; PCD: Percutaneous drainage.

ETGF approach

Six of 34 patients had previous therapeutic history in another hospital: one received ETGF, one received surgical treatment, and the other four received PCD. The average age of the participants was 36.8 ± 12.9 years old. The mean length of PFCs was 109.4 ± 7.8 mm. The average total interventions were 1.03 sessions. The total duration of hospital stays and total cost was 14.5 d and 4852 $ respectively. Clinical success was achieved in 33 patients (97.1%). One recurrence was observed in this group. With regard to reintervention, 9 cases received a second therapeutic endoscopy for infection in the cavity, and another patient transferred to PCD as a result of inadequate drainage due to small caliber of the fenestration. Procedure related bleeding occurred in 4 patients (11.76%) and was resolved by endoscopy. An nasocystic tube was inserted in seven patients for pus or necrosis collection, and the mean duration of the indwelling nasocystic tube was 8.6 d.

PCD approach

Four of 38 patients received preintervention but failed, which included one open surgery and 3 cases of PCD. The average age of the participants was 46.0 ± 16.8 years old with more male patients than female patients (26 vs 12). Approximately three quarters of patients suffered from abdominal pain (27/38). The average length of PFCs was 94.8 mm (80.8-133.2 mm). Hyperlipidemia, gallstones, and alcohol-related pancreatitis were the etiologies in 57.9% of patients (22/38). The average total interventions was 1.32 sessions. The total duration of hospital stays and total cost was 19 days and 5206 $ respectively. Clinical success was achieved in 29 patients (76.3%). Four patients showed recurrence (10.5%) and reintervention occurred in 17 of 38 patients (44.7%). With regard to adverse events, two patients developed bleeding which stopped spontaneously, two had local infection, and one had drainage adhesion to surrounding tissue. In 11 patients, the duration of catheterization was more than 8 wk. Drainage obstruction was encountered in 5 cases.

DISCUSSION

Surgical treatment has been traditionally used for PFCs[3]. Recently, PCD and endoscopic management have replaced surgery as the main treatment for PFCs due to their minimal invasiveness[6,8]. However, PCD cannot debride necrosis and an external drainage tube affects quality of life, which has limited its clinical use[5,14-16]. Endoscopic treatment can not only drainage the pus inside but also remove debris in the cavity and is beneficial to patient’s health[5,6,14,17]. While previously endoscopic therapy involved stent implantation, embedding, displacement, and bleeding were inevitable[10-12]. Different to conventional endoscopic management, ETGF was conducted by means of ETFR to drain and debride PFCs adherent to the gastric wall, avoiding stent implantation.

Our findings are basically consistent with previous studies on conventional endoscopic drainage which actually involves plastic or metal stent implantation and the PCD approach[16,18-20]. A respective study from the United States reported that the technical and clinical success rate of EUS-guided drainage of PFCs was 100% and 97% respectively[18]. Similarly, ETGF had a relatively favorable effect with 100% technical success and 97.1% clinical success. Jianhua et al performed a comparative study on drainage of PFCs and initial clinical success was considerably higher in patients who received transluminal endoscopic drainage than those in the PCD group (94.9% vs 65.0%)[20]. In our study, the clinical success rate in the PCD group was 65.8% which was also lower than that in the ETGF group.

PCD was associated with a high rate of reintervention and the endoscopic stent implantation approach was shown to significantly reduce the rate of retreatment, which resulted in short hospital stay, low cost and a reduced number of follow-up abdominal imaging studies[9,15]. In the present study, the total cost and reintervention rate following ETGF was lower than that in PCD, but was not statistically significantly different.

Keane et al[15] agreed that there was no difference between PCD and transluminal endoscopic drainage of PFCs in terms of recurrence. In another study, endoscopic drainage with stent implantation was an effective and appropriate method with the advantage of fewer recurrences compared to PCD[19]. In the present study, we found that there was no difference in the recurrence rate between two groups. In a long-term follow up study about PFCs, the recurrence of transluminal endoscopic drainage reported by Nabi et al was 6.7%[11]. In this study, one recurrence was encountered in ETGF group (2.94%).

The procedural adverse events rate was high in the PCD group compared with the transluminal endoscopic drainage with stent implantation group[20]. In the current study, the rate of complications in the ETGF group was similar with that in the PCD. Bleeding was encountered in ETGF patients and was managed by conservative treatment totally , which was consistent with previous studies[21].

Research by Storm et al[18] on endoscopic drainage of PFCs discovered that size of collections > 100 mm was correlated with an increased risk of adverse events. The size of PFCs was an independent risk factor for infection related to the cavity, and large PFCs with a diameter > 150 mm were more likely to become infected[22]. In the present study, seven patients had nasocystic tube implanted due to pus and necrosis in the cavity, of which 3 lesions were more than 150 mm and another 3 lesions were > 100 mm. A study on ETGF found that there were 3 of 5 patients received a nasocystic tube and the mean catheterization time was 10 d, which was longer than that in our study (8.6 d)[23]. We also recommended an indwelling nasocystic tube for large lesion or lesions combined with infection.

A previous study reported that the average length of time the drainage catheter in place was as long as 44.5 d in PCD[14]. Similarly, in our study, there were 28.9% of patients (11/38) whose underwent drainage for more than 8 wk. In addition, drainage obstruction occurred in 5 patients due to pus or necrosis, all of which led to further discomfort. Furthermore, an external catheter requires long-term care, as well as reminding the patient of their underlying disease state, and results in significant patient discomfort and compromised the quality of life[14]. During ETGF we used a natural orifice as the access route, avoiding an external catheter and scarring, which was beneficial to mental health and improved quality of life.

The limitations of this study were as follows. Firstly, we didn’t examine how different types of PFCs affected the therapeutic efficacy. Secondly, prognostic factors associated with postoperative infection (size of PFCs, the area of fenestration) were not been identified in ETGF. A quality of life scale was not used in this study, thus, how the two different methods affected the quality of life is not known. A large, prospective, multicenter study is necessary to confirm our results.

CONCLUSION

Both PCD and ETGF can be used effectively for the treatment of PFCs, although ETGF is superior to PCD as it has a higher rate of clinical success and a lower rate of adverse events. ETGF is an innovative, effective, safe and scarless strategy for the management of PFCs adherent to the gastric wall. However, further studies especially clinical trials are needed before final recommendations are made.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Percutaneous drainage (PCD) and endoscopic approaches with stent implantation have largely replaced surgical drainage as the initial approach for (peri) pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs). While stent implantation guided by endoscopic ultrasound has been mature and preferred treatment, but stent displacement, bleeding and embedding should not be neglected.

Research motivation

Inspired by endoscopic full-thickness resection, we conducted endoscopic transgastric fenestration (ETGF), which involves resection of connected tissues between gastric wall and PFCs, so as to drain the collection of fluid in the cavity and debride the necrosis inside.

Research objectives

The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ETGF by accessing its success and complication rate compared with PCD.

Research methods

This retrospective analysis enrolled patients diagnosed with PFCs adjacent to the gastric wall and subsequently received ETGF or PCD during 4 years, analyzed patients baseline characteristics, technical and clinical success rate, recurrence and reintervention rate, procedure related complication and adverse events.

Research results

Seventy-two eligible patients were retrospectively identified (ETGF = 34, PCD = 38). Patients in the ETGF group acquired significantly higher clinical success rate than that in PCD (97.1 vs 76.3%, P = 0.01). There was no statistical difference about recurrence, reintervention and incidence of complication between the two groups.

Research conclusions

ETGF would be an alternative effective and safe strategy for the treatment of PFCs adjacent to the gastric wall.

Research perspectives

ETGF can drainage fluid inside and debride necrosis, which improves its clinical success. Therefore, in our opinion ETGF may be an alternative treatment for PFCs adjacent to gastric, especially for large lesions or leions that associated with infection or necrosis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express our gratitude to Professor Shi Niu, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, China, for his encouragement and assistance in preparing the audio and revising the manuscript.