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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2017. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Feb 28, 2017; 23(8): 1338-1344
Published online Feb 28, 2017. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i8.1338
TGR5 expression in benign, preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of Barrett’s esophagus: Case series and findings
Shivali Marketkar, Dongfang Yang, Weibiao Cao, Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
Dan Li, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
Author contributions: Marketkar S contributed to the design of the study, the data analysis and the interpretation of the data; Li D contributed to the design of the study and the completion of the experiments; Yang D performed the immunohistochemical staining; Cao W contributed to the design of the study, the data analysis and the interpretation of the data and wrote the manuscript; all authors approved the final version of the article to be published.
Institutional review board statement: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Rhode Island Hospital.
Conflict-of-interest statement: No conflict of interest exists.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Weibiao Cao, MD, Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy St, APC12, Providence, RI 02903, United States. wcao@hotmail.com
Telephone: +1-401-4448578 Fax: +1-401-4445890
Received: July 13, 2016
Peer-review started: July 16, 2016
First decision: August 8, 2016
Revised: September 3, 2016
Accepted: September 28, 2016
Article in press: September 28, 2016
Published online: February 28, 2017
Processing time: 228 Days and 9.9 Hours

Abstract
AIM

To examined the bile acid receptor TGR5 expression in squamous mucosa, Barrett’s mucosa, dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA).

METHODS

Slides were stained with TGR5 antibody. The staining intensity was scored as 1+, 2+ and 3+. The extent of staining (percentage of cells staining) was scored as follows: 1+, 1%-10%, 2+, 11%-50%, 3+, 51%-100%. A combined score of intensity and extent was calculated and categorized as negative, weak, moderate and strong staining. TGR5 mRNA was measured by real time PCR.

RESULTS

We found that levels of TGR5 mRNA were significantly increased in Barrett’s dysplastic cell line CP-D and EA cell line SK-GT-4, when compared with Barrett’s cell line CP-A. Moderate to strong TGR5 staining was significantly higher in high-grade dysplasia and EA cases than in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) or in low-grade dysplasia. Moderate to strong staining was slightly higher in low-grade dysplasia than in BE mucosa, but there is no statistical significance. TGR5 staining had no significant difference between high-grade dysplasia and EA. In addition, TGR5 staining intensity was not associated with the clinical stage, the pathological stage and the status of lymph node metastasis.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that TGR5 immunostaining was much stronger in high-grade dysplasia and EA than in BE mucosa or low-grade dysplasia and that its staining intensity was not associated with the clinical stage, the pathological stage and the status of lymph node metastasis. TGR5 might be a potential marker for the progression from BE to high-grade dysplasia and EA.

Key Words: TGR5; Esophageal adenocarcinoma; Bile acid

Core tip: The expression of a bile acid receptor TGR5 at moderate to strong intensity was significantly higher in high-grade dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) cases than in BE or in low-grade dysplasia, suggesting that TGR5 may play an important role in the progression from Barrett’s esophagus to high-grade dysplasia and EA. TGR5 might be a potential marker for this progression. TGR5 staining intensity was not associated with the clinical stage, the pathological stage and the status of lymph node metastasis, indicating that TGR5 may not be a marker for the prognosis of EA.
INTRODUCTION

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) is a deadly cancer with an increasing incidence[1-3]. It has a poor prognosis with a median survival of less than one year[4,5] and a five-year survival rate of 12.5%-20%[6,7]. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) complicated by Barrett’s esophagus (BE)[8-10] is a major risk factor for EA. BE carries nearly a 30-125-fold increased risk for the development of EA, with best estimates of cancer incidence of 0.12%-0.8% per year[2,10-14]. However, mechanisms of the progression from BE (intestinal metaplasia) to EA are not fully understood.

Bile acids may play an important role in the progression from BE to EA[15,16] since (1) exposure of the lower esophagus to duodenal juice in animal models leads to EA[17-19]; (2) bile acid causes the production of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in a non-neoplastic Barrett’s cell line BAR-T[20]; (3) bile salts may activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB pathways[21,22] thereby enhancing cell proliferation and preventing cell apoptosis; and (4) Barrett’s cells become tumorigenic after long-term exposure to acid and bile acid in vitro[23].

A G protein-coupled receptor TGR5 has been shown to mediate bile acids’ effects as a cell-surface receptor[24]. The TGR5 receptor is abundantly expressed in human monocytes and macrophages, and participates in the regulation of cell metabolism[25,26]. Primary bile acids (cholic acid, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid) and secondary bile acids (deoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid and taurolithocholic acid) have been shown to bind to TGR5 receptors[24]. Primary bile acids are much weaker at inducing cyclic AMP production via activation of TGR5 than secondary bile acids. Deoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, and glycodeoxycholic acid have similar strengths at inducing cyclic AMP production[24]. TGR5 has been reported to be expressed in human gastric cancers, to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer cell lines[27], and to mediate bile acid-induced cholangiocyte proliferation in vivo and in vitro[28].

We have previously shown that TGR5 receptors are present in EA cells and that TGR5 receptors mediate bile acid-induced increase in cell proliferation[29]. The expression of TGR5 in EA tissues is not well understood. In this study, we examined the bile acid receptor TGR5 expression in squamous mucosa, Barrett’s mucosa, dysplasia and EA by immunohistochemistry. We found that TGR5 immunostaining was much stronger in high grade and EA than in BE mucosa or low-grade dysplasia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients and specimens

Archival cases of BE, low grade dysplasia, high grade dysplasia and EA from 34 patients (18 cases with squamous mucosa, 15 cases with BE, 8 cases with low grade dysplasia, 9 cases with high grade dysplasia and 16 cases with adenocarcinoma) were collected between the years of 2005 and 2013 from the archives of the Department of Pathology at the Rhode Island Hospital (RIH). BE was made based on the histological finding of intestinal metaplasia and the endoscopic finding of column-type mucosa. Patients with previous history of chemoradiation therapy were excluded from the study. Stage was defined according to American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria[30]. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the RIH. All tissue samples were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. The corresponding hematoxylin-eosin slides were reviewed for confirmation of diagnosis and adequacy of material by Dr. Cao W. The detailed clinicopathological features of the study population are given in Table 1.

Table 1 Clinical features of the study group.
Number34
Age (yr)
Range48-91
Median65.5
Sex, n (%)
Male28 (82.4)
Female6 (17.6)
Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry for TGR5 was performed on 4-μm paraffin sections. Slides were stained with TGR5 antibody (1:1000, Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO) using the DAKO Envision + Dual Link System and the DAKO Liquid 3,3’-diaminobenzidine (DAB+) Substrate Chromagen System (DAKO North America, Inc., Carpinteria, CA). Bile ducts from liver tissue were used as positive controls. Negative controls included replacement of the primary antibody with non-reacting antibodies of the same species. The specificity of TGR5 antibody has been confirmed by Western Blot analysis in our lab[31].

Immunohistochemistry assessment

Cancers and non-neoplastic mucosa that displayed a strong, well-localized, strong staining pattern for TGR5 were scored as +3, moderately intense staining as +2, and weak staining as +1. The extent of staining (percentage of cells staining) was scored as follows: 1+ 1%-10%, 2+ 11%-50%, 3+ 51%-100%. A combined score of intensity and extent was calculated and categorized as follows: weak staining 1-2, moderate staining 3-4, strong staining 5-6. All sections were scored independently by WC and SM without knowledge of the clinicopathologic features or clinical outcome.

Cell culture

Cell culture was similar to those we described previously[29,32,33]. Briefly, human esophageal squamous HET-1A cells were purchased from ATCC, Manassas, VA in 2011 and cultured in the bronchial epithelial cell medium (BEGM BulletKit, Cambrex, East Rutherford, NJ). Human Barrett’s cell line CP-A and Barrett’s dysplastic cell line CP-D were bought from ATCC (Manassas, VA) and cultured in Barrett’s medium containing keratinocyte medium-2 (Cambrex, Rockland, ME), 1.8 mmol/L CaCl2, 5% fetal bovine serum, 400 ng/mL hydrocortisone, 20 ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 0.1 nmol/L cholera toxin, 20 μg/mL adenine, 5 μg/mL insulin, 70 μg/mL bovine pituitary extract, and antibiotics. EA cell line SK-GT-4 was purchased from Sigma and cultured in the Barrett’s medium.

Statistical analysis

For immunohistochemical data, statistical differences were determined by χ2 test. For TGR5 mRNA data, data was expressed as mean ± SE. Statistical differences between two groups were determined by Student’s t test. Differences among multiple groups were tested using analysis of variance and checked for significance using Fisher’s protected least significant difference test. P values of 0.05 or less were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS
Expression of TGR5 in different cell lines

We have previously shown that the levels of TGR5 mRNA and protein expression are significantly increased in Barrett’s mucosal tissue, when compared with normal esophageal mucosa. TGR5 mRNA and protein levels are significantly higher in EA tissue than in normal esophageal mucosa or in Barrett’s mucosa[29]. Consistent with our previous findings, TGR5 mRNA level was significantly higher in Barrett’s cell line CP-A than in squamous cell line HET-1A (Figure 1A). Levels of TGR5 mRNA were significantly increased in Barrett’s dysplastic cell line CP-D and EA cell line SK-GT-4, when compared with CP-A cells. In addition, TGR5 mRNA was significantly higher in SK-GT-4 cells than in CP-D cells (Figure 1B). These data suggest that TGR5 may play an important role in the progression from BE to EA.

Figure 1
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Figure 1 TGR5 mRNA levels in different cell lines. A: TGR5 mRNA level was significantly higher in Barrett’s cell line CP-A than in squamous cell line HET-1A; B: Levels of TGR5 mRNA were significantly increased in Barrett’s dysplastic cell line CP-D and EA cell line SK-GT-4, when compared with CP-A cells. In addition, TGR5 mRNA was significantly higher in SK-GT-4 cells than in CP-D cells. These data suggest that TGR5 may play an important role in the progression from BE to EA. n = 3, t test, aP < 0.02; ANOVA, bP < 0.01 vs CP-A.
Expression of TGR5 in squamous mucosa, BE mucosa, low grade dysplasia and EA

We have previously shown that TGR5 antibody is relatively specific since only one band was detectable by using TGR5 antibody[31]. The expression of TGR5 in squamous mucosa, BE mucosa, low-grade dysplasia and EA was further examined by immunohistochemistry. We found that 93.3% Barrett’s mucosa showed weak to moderate TGR5 staining, which was significantly higher than squamous mucosa (27.8%) (Figure 2 and Table 2). Moderate to strong TGR5 staining was significantly higher in EA cases (100%) than in BE (13.3%, P < 0.001) or in low-grade dysplasia (37.5%, P < 0.01) (Figure 2 and Table 2). Similarly, moderate to strong TGR5 staining was significantly higher in high-grade dysplasia cases (88.9%) than in BE (13.3%, P < 0.001) or in low-grade dysplasia (37.5%, P < 0.05) (Figure 2 and Table 2). Moderate to strong staining was slightly higher in low-grade dysplasia (37.5%) than in BE mucosa (13.3%), but there is no statistical significance. TGR5 staining had no significant difference between high-grade dysplasia and EA.

Table 2 TGR5 expression in squamous mucosa, Barrett’s esophagus, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma n (%).
NegativeWeakModerateStrong
Squamous mucosa, n = 1813 (72)5 (28)00
Barrett’s esophagus, n = 151 (6.7)12 (80)2 (13.3)0P < 0.001, compared with squamous mucosa
Low grade dysplasia, n = 805 (62.5)2 (25)1 (12.5)P > 0.05, compared with BE
High grade dysplasia, n = 91 (11.1)02 (22.2)6 (66.7)P < 0.001, compared with BE
P < 0.05, compared with low grade dysplasia
EA, n = 16007 (43.7)9 (56.3)P < 0.001, compared with BE
P < 0.01, compared with low grade dysplasia
EA: Esophageal adenocarcinoma; BE: Barrett’s esophagus.
Figure 2
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Figure 2 Representative images of squamous mucosa, Barrett’s esophagus mucosa, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Upper panel: Hematoxylin-eosin staining stain, Lower panel: TGR5 immunostaining, magnification × 200. EA: Esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Expression of TGR5 in different stages of EA

Next, we compared the expression of TGR5 in different clinical and pathological stages of EA tissues. We found that 100% stage III and IV cases showed moderate to strong staining, which was the same as stage I and II cases (100%; Table 3), indicating that the degree of TGR5 expression might not be associated with clinical stages. T3 and T4 cancers had 63.6% strong TGR5 staining, which was not different from T1 and T2 cancers (P > 0.05; Table 4). In addition, TGR5 expression had no significant difference between tumors with and without lymph node metastasis (Table 5).

Table 3 TGR5 expression in different clinical stages of esophageal adenocarcinoma n (%).
Clinical stageNegativeWeakModerateStrong
I and II, n = 9004 (44.4)5 (55.6)
III and IV, n = 7003 (42.9)4 (57.1)P > 0.05
Table 4 TGR5 expression in different pathological stages of esophageal adenocarcinoma n (%).
Pathological stageNegativeWeakModerateStrong
T1 and T2002 (40)3 (60)
T3 and T4004 (36.4)7 (63.6)P > 0.05
Table 5 TGR5 expression in patients with or without lymph node metastasis of esophageal adenocarcinoma n (%).
Lymph node metastasisNegativeWeakModerateStrong
Positive002 (33.3)4 (66.7)P > 0.05
Negative005 (50)5 (50)
DISCUSSION

GERD complicated by BE[8-10] is a major risk factor for EA. There is a progression from BE, to dysplasia and to EA. The mechanisms of progression from BE to EA are not fully understood. Many genetic and epigenetic alterations, chromosomal gains and losses, and hypermethylation of gene promoters may be involved in this progression[13,34]. Bile acids have also been indicated to be involved in this progression[15,16].

We have previously shown that TGR5 receptors are present in EA cells and that TGR5 mediates bile-acid-induced increase in cell proliferation, suggesting that TGR5 may be important in the development of EA[29]. We have also reported that moderate to strong TGR5 staining is associated with decreased patient survival in all gastric adenocarcinomas, suggesting that TGR5 may be a negative prognostic marker in gastric cancer[31]. The histological expression of TGR5 in EA has not been reported.

In this study, we examined TGR5 mRNA expression in different cell lines and found that Barrett’s cells CP-A had significantly higher levels of TGR5 mRNA than squamous cells HET-1A. Moreover, Barrett’s dysplastic cells CP-D had significantly higher levels of TGR5 mRNA than CP-A cells. EA cells SK-GT-4 had much higher levels of TGR5 mRNA than CP-A or CP-D. These data suggest that TGR5 may be involved in the progression from BE to EA.

Next, we examined the TGR5 expression in squamous mucosa, Barrett’s mucosa, dysplasia and EA. We found that moderate to strong TGR5 staining was significantly higher in high-grade dysplasia and EA cases than in BE or in low-grade dysplasia. Moderate to strong staining was slightly higher in low-grade dysplasia than in BE mucosa, but there is no statistical significance. TGR5 staining had no significant difference between high-grade dysplasia and EA. These data further support our above results that TGR5 may play an important role in the progression from BE to EA. How TGR5 is involved in this progression is not clear. Recently we found that TGR5 mediates bile acid-induced activation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and NADPH oxidase NOX5-S, which produces reactive oxygen species and causes DNA damage[35]. TGR5 is present in human gastric cancers and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer cell lines[27]. It also mediates bile acid-induced cholangiocyte proliferation in vivo and in vitro[28]. Therefore, we speculate that in Barrett’s patients bile acids may activate TGR5 receptors, which activate CREB and NOX5-S. NOX5-S-derived ROS may increase cell proliferation and cause DNA damage, thereby contributing to the progression from BE to EA. TGR5 might be a potential marker for the progression from BE to high-grade dysplasia and EA. In addition, we compared the expression of TGR5 in different clinical stages of EA tissues. We found that 100% stage III and IV cases showed moderate to strong staining, which was the same as stage I and II cases, indicating that the degree of TGR5 expression might not be associated with clinical stages. Moreover, TGR5 expression had no significant difference between tumors with and without lymph node metastasis, indicating that the degree of TGR5 expression may not be related to the status of lymph node metastasis. These data suggest that TGR5 may not be a marker for the prognosis of EA.

In conclusion, TGR5 immunostaining was much stronger in high-grade dysplasia and EA than in BE mucosa or low-grade dysplasia. Its staining intensity was not associated with the clinical stage, pathological stage and the status of lymph node metastasis.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was presented in part at CAP 2015.

COMMENTS
Background

Gastroesophageal reflux disease complicated by Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a major risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA). However, mechanisms of the progression from BE (intestinal metaplasia) to EA are not fully understood. Recent data suggest that bile acids may play an important role in the progression from BE to EA. We have previously shown that TGR5 receptors are present in EA cells and that TGR5 receptors mediate bile acid-induced increase in cell proliferation. The expression of TGR5 in EA tissues is not well understood. In this study, we examined the bile acid receptor TGR5 expression in squamous mucosa, Barrett’s mucosa, dysplasia and EA by immunohistochemistry.

Research frontiers

Bile acids may contribute to the progression from BE (intestinal metaplasia) to EA. The role of a bile acid receptor TGR5 in this progression is not clear.

Innovations and breakthroughs

The expression of a bile acid receptor TGR5 at moderate to strong intensity was significantly higher in high-grade dysplasia and EA cases than in BE or in low-grade dysplasia, suggesting that TGR5 may play an important role in the progression from BE to high-grade dysplasia and EA. TGR5 might be a potential marker for this progression. However, TGR5 may not be a marker for the prognosis of EA.

Applications

TGR5 might be a potential marker for the progression from BE to EA.

Terminology

TGR5 is a G protein-coupled bile acid receptor.

Peer-review

This article is of tremendous importance in highlighting the different expression of TGR5 among different stages of EA.

Footnotes

Manuscript source: Unsolicited manuscript

Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology

Country of origin: United States

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P- Reviewer: Dar NA S- Editor: Qi Y L- Editor: A E- Editor: Zhang FF

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