Case Report Open Access
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2016. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. May 14, 2016; 22(18): 4610-4614
Published online May 14, 2016. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i18.4610
Isolated splenic metastasis from colon cancer: Case report
Jiddou Abdou, Saber Boutayeb, Hassan Errihani, Medical Oncology Department, National Institute of Oncology Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Rabat 10000, Morocco
Youssef Omor, Radiology Department, National Institute of Oncology Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Rabat 10000, Morocco
Basma Elkhannoussi, Pathology Department, National Institute of Oncology Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Rabat 10000, Morocco
Author contributions: Abdou J, Boutayeb S and Errihani H designed the report; Omor Y performed Radiology analyses; Elkhannoussi B performed the pathology analyses; and Abdou J analyzed the data and wrote the paper.
Institutional review board statement: This case report was exempt from the Institutional Review Board at The National Institute of Oncology Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Rabat, Morocco.
Informed consent statement: The patient provided its written informed consent before publication of this case report.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors have no conflicts of interests to declare.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Jiddou Abdou, MD, Medical Oncology Department, National Institute of Oncology Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, PO BOX 6213, Rabat 10000, Morocco. jidou.abdou@yahoo.fr
Telephone: +212-699309463 Fax: +212-537717094
Received: December 1, 2015
Peer-review started: December 2, 2015
First decision: January 13, 2016
Revised: February 14, 2016
Accepted: March 1, 2016
Article in press: March 2, 2016
Published online: May 14, 2016
Processing time: 154 Days and 16.5 Hours

Abstract

Isolated splenic metastases from colorectal cancer are very rare clinical entities and when they are present, they usually manifest widely disseminated disease. In this paper we report a case of metachronous solitary isolated splenic metastasis from colon cancer in a 64-year-old woman who was successfully treated by laparoscopic splenectomy. We discuss the pathological and clinical aspects of this condition. We furthermore comment on the diagnostic and therapeutic options of this rare entity through our observation of the case and consideration of the 31 case reports published in the literature.

Key Words: Isolated splenic metastases; Colon cancer; Splenectomy

Core tip: Isolated splenic metastases from colon cancer are very rare, reporting of such cases was encouraged and recommended in several publications of this clinical entity to improve the management and survival of patients on stronger well-founded evidence.



INTRODUCTION

Isolated Splenic metastases from colorectal cancer are very rare clinical entity and when they are present, they are usually a manifestation of widely disseminated disease[1]. This rareness can be explained by the anatomical, histological and functional characteristics of spleen which is usually considered an infertile soil for metastases[2]. We report a case of isolated splenic metastasis 16 mo after right Hemicolectomy for stage I of colon adenocarcinoma which was successfully treated by Laparoscopic splenectomy. We discuss the clinical and pathological aspects of this rare entity, and consider the diagnostic and therapeutic options based on our observation of the case, and 31 cases reports published in the literature.

CASE REPORT

A healthy 64-year-old woman presented in July 2012, with abdominal pain and “heaviness”. A colonoscopy was performed and demonstrated a budding tumor in the cecum that easily bleeds. A histological exam showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis revealed a Wall-thickening of the cecum without others abnormalities. She underwent a right hemicolectomy with a histopathological finding of a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma invading the muscularis propria. Twelve lymph nodes were removed and none showed metastases (pT2N0M0, Stage I), with no blood vessel invasion. The status of MSI proteins and BRAF were not verified. she was on regular fallow-up every 3 mo with a serum carcinoembrionic antigen (CEA) and CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. Sixteen months after her colectomy, a serum CEA level was 38 ng/mL, CT Scan demonstrated a single low-density lesion in the spleen which measures 4.9 cm of diameter (Figure 1). At Laparoscopic exam, no intra-abdominal lesions and no peritoneum or liver metastases were detected. Splenectomy was performed at that time. The Histological exam demonstrated an adenocarcinoma with spread the splenic parenchyma (Figure 2). The following appointment, delayed at 6 mo post splenectomy, revealed no recurrences. CT scanning showed no recurrence in the spleen area, liver, abdomen or the chest; CEA level was 12 ng/mL, however a fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scan revealed a high metabolic activity in the abdominal cavity, mediastinum and left inguinal lymph nodes suggesting diseases recurrences (Figure 3). Chemotherapy was therefore commenced consisting of Fluorouracil (5FU), Leucovorin, oxaliplatine and Bevacizumab. After 6 cycles, there was no evidence of progression disease.

Figure 1
Figure 1 Abdominal computed scan demonstrating, in sagittal (A) and axial (B) views, a single low-density lesion of the spleen which measures 4. 9 cm in diameter.
Figure 2
Figure 2 Adenocarcinoma spread the splenic parenchyma (hematoxylin-eosin staining, magnification × 20).
Figure 3
Figure 3 Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography with high metabolic activity in the abdominal cavity.
DISCUSSION

Splenic metastases from colorectal cancer are very rare. The incidence of this clinical entity was reported by Berge[2] to be 4.4% in 7165 autopsy cases, but he did not mention the incidence of Isolated Splenic metastases.

We found only 31 cases of isolated solitary Splenic metastasis from colorectal cancer in the English-language literature published in PubMed. dates searched were from 1969, date of the first case reported, to October 2015 (Table 1[3-31]). The cases consisted of 18 men and 13 Women, ranging in age from 33 to 84 years (mean, 62.7 years). The splenic metastasis was synchronous in five cases and metachronous in others 26 cases. The majority of cases were asymptomatic and the diagnosis was performed in follow-up of patients by imaging studies evaluation of increased CEA level which was elevated in 81% of cases ranging between 4.6 and 223 ng/mL, in our patient CEA level was 38 ng/mL. The interval between the primary tumor treatment and the detection of spleen metastasis varying from 3 to 144 mo (16 mo in our case). Splenic metastases were detected by Computed tomography scan, alone in 18 cases, or combined with other imaging studies such as Ultrosonography (5 cases), positron emission tomography (4 cases) and Magnetic Resonance Imagery (1 case); 2 cases were detected by Liver-spleen scintigraphy; and 1 case by fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scan[25]. The size of splenic lesions varied from 1.5 to 18 cm. In the cases reported the primary tumor was located in the sigmoid colon in 8 cases, in the ascending colon in 6 cases, in the descending colon in 5 cases, and in the rectum and Splenic flexure in 3 cases each; in the cecum in 2 cases as in our case, 1 case in the hepatic flexure and transverse colon each; In 2 patients the primary tumor localization was not specified. So the most frequent site of primary tumor is the left colon (61% of cases). Metastases are classically spread through either hematological or lymphatic pathways, however there is no lymphatic afferent in the spleen[1] and therefore the spread is via the blood vessels. in the cases of splenic metastasis, the regional lymph nodes were involved in 17 cases of primary tumor (16 cases with Sage III, 1 case with Stage IV); in 9 cases the regional lymph nodes were negatives (7 cases with stage II, 2 cases with stage IV), in 5 patients the regional lymph nodes was not specified; in our case the primary tumor was stage I with no blood vessels invasion, it is the first in the literature. The diagnosis of spleen metastasis was confirmed by fine-needle aspiration in two cases[14,27] and in others cases by splenectomy.

Table 1 Characteristic of patients, their primary tumors, therapeutics and outcomes in the cases reports of isolated splenic metastasis from colorectal carcinoma.
Case No.Ref.Age, sexPrimary tumorStage (LN)Size (cm)CEA (ng/mL)ImagingTreatment11st DFI (mo)2nd DFI (mo)
1Dunbar et al[3], 1969F, 78RectumIII(+)1864.0CTS4884
2Waller et al[4], 1982M, 72SigmoidIII(+)9106.0LSSS486
3Slavin et al[5], 1986M, 81CecumIII(+)NL7.5LSSS3012
4Capizzi et al[6], 1992F, 51RectumII(-)NL13.5CTS5114
5Thomas et al[7], 1993F, 72DescendingII(-)3223.0CTS14412
6Mainprize et al[8], 1997F, 62DescendingIII(+)4HighCTS4212
7Indudhara et al[9], 1997M, 74SigmoidII(-)9.523.4CTS2424
8-11Ishida et al[10], 199F, 73Ascending (3 cases)IV(NL)1.5-7.5 (all cases)NLCTSSyn72
M, 62Splenic flexure (1 case)IV(NL)NLCTSSyn24
M, 52NLNLUS and CTS126
M, 48NLNLUS and CTS243
12Weathers et al[11], 1999F, 33SigmoidIII(+)3.59.0CT and MRIS312
13Kim et al[12], 2000M, 65AscendingIII(+)514.9CTS3618
14Lee et al[13], 2000F, 60NLNLNLHighCTS1085
15Place[14], 2001M, 51SigmoidIII(+)135.0CTS726
16Okuyama et al[15], 2001M, 62SigmoidIII(+)3NUS and CTS2423
17Avesani et al[16], 2001F, 52DescendingIV(-)5HighCTSSyn12 relapse
18Cavallaro et al[17], 2004F, 55SigmoidIII(+)3NCT and PETS2112
19Hiraiwa et al[18], 2006F, 49AscendingIV(+)NL36.7CTSSyn24 relapse
20Avninder et al[19], 2006M, 52SigmoidIIA(-)137.2US and CTCmt, S10822
21Gencosmanoglu et al[20], 2006M, 76DescendingIII(+)6.5HighCT and PETS, Cmt1712
22Pisanu et al[21], 2007F, 54Splenic flexureIV(-)4.5HighCTS, CmtSyn6 relapse
23Popović et al[22], 2008M, 72RectumIII(+)NLHighCTS18NL
24Bigot et al[24], 2008F, 69SigmoidII(-)4HighCTS2460
25Gasent Blesa et al[25], 2008F, 52DescendingIII(+)4.5HighPETS36NL
26Montemurro et al[23], 2008F, 80TransverseIII(+)852.0CTS, TT96
27Sileri et al[26], 2009M, 73Hepatic flexureII(-)1.5HighCT-PETS6040
28Busić et al[27], 2010M, 70Splenic flexureIII(+)8HighCT USS2412
29Genç et al[28], 2010M, 59AscendingIII(+)437.0CTS1524
30Dogan et al[29],2010M, 58NLII(-)3.54.62CTS, Cmt2011 relapse
31Pavlović et al[30], 2011M, 78CecumIII(+)738.6CT, PETCmt, S379 relapse
32Our case, 2015F, 64CecumI(-)4.938.0CTS166 relapse

Therapeutics options of metastatic colorectal cancer include surgery, chemotherapy with or without target therapy and radiotherapy. In all cases reported of Isolated Splenic metastases from colon cancer, splenectomy was performed, with Laparoscopic approach in only one case[25] as in our patient. This surgical technique remains controversial in Splenic malignancies because the risk of peritoneal dissemination and the few data in the literature. Lopez Monclova et al[31] reports 6 cases of Laparoscopic splenectomy for splenic metastasis from melanoma, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer and malignant fibrous histiocytoma without surgical complications with a survival ranged from 2 mo to 11 years. Moreover, studies have demonstrated that laparoscopic techniques used in surgery of colorectal and gynecological cancer were not associated with a greater risk of intraperitoneal dissemination than conventional techniques[32]. Despite the fact that Chemotherapy is the most appropriate options of metastatic colon cancer by improving symptoms and survival, it was given in only 5 cases, as neoadjuvant in 2 cases and adjuvant in 3 cases. Target therapy was given only for 1 patient[23]. Interval survival after splenectomy ranging from 3 to 84 mo (mean, 22.5 mo). in patients with metachronous splenic metastasis only 2 cases were relapsed between 9 and 11 mo, in contrast 3 of 5 cases of synchronous splenic metastases were relapsed. Our patient was relapsed 6 mo post splenectomy, we suggest that this early relapse could be explained by lack of adjuvant chemotherapy post splenectomy rather than the surgical technique.

In conclusion, isolated splenic metastases from colorectal cancer are very rare clinical entity. A strict monitoring of patients with colon cancer after primary treatment should lead to early diagnosis of such metastasis. Splenectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy seems the optimal approach that can improve survival, despite small number of cases in the literature.

This is the first case in our institution and the first case of metachronous isolated splenic metastasis from colon cancer of which the primary tumor was stage I. We report this case for enrich the database of this rare clinical entity and to improve the management and survival of patients with isolated splenic metastases from colorectal cancer as was recommended and encouraged in similar publications.

COMMENTS
Case characteristics

A 64-years-old woman was on regular fallow-up post right hemicolectomy for stage I adenocarcinoma of the cecum. Computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated a single low-density lesion in the spleen sixteen months post her hemicolectomy.

Clinical diagnosis

The patient was no symptoms; the spleen metastasis was detected after routine monitoring.

Differential diagnosis

Splenic infraction or abscess, lymphoma.

Laboratory diagnosis

A serum carcinoembrionic antigen level was 38 ng/mL.

Imaging diagnosis

CT scan demonstrated a single low-density lesion in the spleen which measures 4.9 cm of diameter.

Pathological diagnosis

An adenocarcinoma with spread the splenic parenchyma.

Treatment

Laparoscopic splenectomy.

Term explanation

Microsatellite instability (MSI) result in a defect of DNA mismatch repair, MSI/BRAF testing had a prognostic factor in colon cancer.

Experiences and lessons

A strict monitoring of patients with colon cancer after primary treatment should lead to early diagnosis of such metastasis and the properly treatment.

Peer-review

This paper is informative and is suitable for publishing.

Footnotes

P- Reviewer: Haerian BS, Kir G S- Editor: Yu J L- Editor: A E- Editor: Ma S

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