Preoperative administration of bevacizumab is safe for patients with colorectal liver metastases

Abstract

AIM: To assess the impact of preoperative neoadjuvant bevacizumab (Bev) on the outcome of patients undergoing resection for colorectal liver metastases (CLM).

METHODS: Eligible trials were identified from Medline, Embase, Ovid, and the Cochrane database. The data were analyzed with fixed-effects or random-effects models using Review Manager version 5.0.

RESULTS: Thirteen nonrandomized studies with a total of 1431 participants were suitable for meta-analysis. There was no difference in overall morbidity and severe complications between the Bev + group and Bev - group (43.3% vs 36.8%, P = 0.06; 17.1% vs 11.4%, P = 0.07, respectively). Bev-related complications including wound and thromboembolic/bleeding events were also similar in the Bev + and Bev - groups (14.4% vs 8.1%, P = 0.21; 4.1% vs 3.8%, P = 0.98, respectively). The incidence and severity of sinusoidal dilation were lower in patients treated with Bev than in patients treated without Bev (43.3% vs 63.7%, P < 0.001; 16.8% vs 46.5%, P < 0.00, respectively).

CONCLUSION: Bev can be safely administered before hepatic resection in patients with CLM, and has a protective effect against hepatic injury in patients treated with oxaliplatin chemotherapy.

Key Words: Colorectal cancer; Liver metastases; Bevacizumab; Postoperative complication; Sinusoidal dilatation

INTRODUCTION

The liver is the most common metastatic site of colorectal cancer (CC). Approximately 50% of CC patients develop colorectal liver metastases (CLM) over the course of the disease[1]. Hepatectomy is the most important modality in the treatment of CLM, offering a 5-year survival rate of approximately 30%-65%[2]. However, the long-term survival of CLM patients remains poor due to the high rate of recurrence and metastases after surgery. It is reported that neoadjuvant chemotherapy before hepatectomy is associated with improved survival of CLM patients[3,4].

Bevacizumab (Bev) is a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and can inhibit the growth of human tumor xenografts. In addition to inhibiting the antiangiogenic effect, Bev may also improve the delivery of chemotherapy by altering the tumor vasculature and decreasing the elevated interstitial pressure in tumors[5]. Randomized clinical trials[6,7] have demonstrated that the addition of Bev to fluorouracil-based combination chemotherapy can improve overall survival, the response rate and duration of response, and prolong time to disease progression in CLM patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. For this reason, some researchers advocate the use of Bev in the neoadjuvant setting before surgery for resectable CLM[8-11]. However, Bev is known to be associated with bleeding, thrombosis, gastrointestinal perforation, impaired wound healing and liver regeneration[8], thus alerts surgeons to the safe use of Bev at the time of hepatic surgery.

Chemotherapy-specific liver injuries have been more frequently reported as a disadvantage with the use of oxaliplatin in particular, because it is associated with the occurrence of sinusoidal dilation, a distinctive type of hepatic and vascular injury characteristic of hepatic veno-occlusive disease[12]. Nakano et al[13] reported that such injury was associated with increased morbidity and mortality after hepatectomy in CLM patients. Although the etiology of sinusoidal dilation remains unclear, it has been documented that VEGF is one of the causative cytokines for the development of sinusoidal dilation in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation[14]. VEGF blockade by Bev may therefore attenuate sinusoidal injury[15].

Although several recent studies[8-10,15-24] have commented on the impact of preoperative Bev administration on the safety and/or oxaliplatin-associated liver injury after CLM resection, none of these studies were randomized controlled trials. A meta-analysis is therefore required to provide an improved level of evidence on this subject.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study selection

A Medline, Embase, Ovid and Cochrane database search was performed to identify all studies published up to March 2012 that assessed the influence of preoperative Bev administration on the outcome after CLM resection. The following Mesh search headings were used: “colorectal cancer”, “liver metastases”, “bevacizumab”, “hepatic resection”, “hepatectomy” and “neoadjuvant chemotherapy”. A manual search of the reference lists of relevant papers was also carried out to identify additional trials.

Data extraction

Two reviewers (Li B and Wu LP) independently appraised each article and extracted the following parameters: first author, year of publication, study population characteristics, study design, number of patients in each arm, sex, age, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and outcomes of interest. All relevant text, tables and figures were reviewed for data extraction. Discrepancies between the reviewers were resolved through discussion and consensus.

Morbidity and mortality were defined as those events occurring within 30 or 90 d after surgery. Severe complications were defined as events requiring intensive care management or surgical, endoscopic, or radiologic interventions[25].

Criteria for inclusion and exclusion

Only trials that compared postoperative outcomes after hepatectomy between CLM patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy with and without Bev administration before surgery were included. Abstracts, letters, proceedings from scientific meetings, editorials and expert opinions, reviews without original data, case reports, studies lacking control groups, repetitive data, non-English language papers and animal studies were excluded. To avoid drug interactions, studies involving other targeted molecular therapies were also excluded.

Statistical analysis

The meta-analysis was performed using the Review Manager (RevMan) software version 5.0 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Software Update, Oxford, United Kingdom). The Mantel-Haenszel method was used to combine odds ratio with 95%CI for the outcomes of interest, including overall morbidity, major complications, Bev-related complications, general complications, mortality, and incidence and severity of sinusoidal dilation. Heterogeneity between trials was assessed by calculating the Q and I² statistic. If I² > 10%, a random-effects approach instead of a fixed-effects analysis was undertaken. Publication bias was assessed visually using a funnel plot. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05.

RESULTS

Eligible studies

Thirteen nonrandomized studies published between 2007 and 2012 met the inclusion criteria and were suitable for meta-analysis[8-10,15-24]. The characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 1. Sample size ranged from 31 to 274, with a total of 1431 participants.

Table 1 Study population characteristics of included trials.

Ref.	Country	Group	No. of patients	M/F	Age (yr)	No. of lesions	Interval between Bev-treatment and surgery	MR
D'Angelica et al[8]	United States	Bev –	32	9/23	51 (34-77)1	1 (1-11)1	-	17
		Bev +	16	-	-	-	6.9 (3-15) wk1	-
Reddy et al[9]	United States	Bev –	57	37/20	60 (51-68)1	2 (1-4)1	-	39
		Bev +	39	25/14	55 (49-64)1	2 (1-3)1	10 (8-13) wk1	27
Mahfud et al[10]	Multicenter	Bev –	45	19/26	62 (59-65)1	6 (3-8)1	-	25
		Bev +	45	31/14	58 (54-61)1	4 (3-5)1	9 wk1	19
Ribero et al[15]	United States	Bev –	43	26/17	57 (26-80)1	2 (1-8)1	-	-
		Bev +	62	36/26	53.5 (34-85)1	2 (1-21)1	≥ 6 wk	-
Kesmodel et al[16]	United States	Bev –	44	30/14	58 (31-80)1	2 (1-9)1	-	30
		Bev +	81	48/33	57 (29-84)1	3 (1-31)1	58 (31-117) d1	47
Zorzi et al[17]	United States	Bev –	13	-	-	-	-	-
		Bev +	19	-	-	-	-	-
Aussilhou et al[18]	France	Bev –	20	-	-	-	-	20
		Bev +	11	-	-	-	-	9
Klinger et al[19]	Austria	Bev –	50	34/16	62.41	-	-	-
		Bev +	56	32/24	63.01	-	2-5 wk	-
Pessaux et al[20]	France	Bev –	21	13/8	63.3 ± 11.72	3 ± 32	-	4
		Bev +	21	10/11	65 ± 8.22	3.8 ± 2.52	11.7 ± 4.7 wk2	5
Rubbia-Brandt et al[21]	Multicenter	Bev –	204	-	-	-	-	-
		Bev +	70	-	-	-	-	-
Tamandl et al[22]	Austria	Bev –	112	35/77	63.6 (28.9-84.2)1	2 (1-10)1	-	17
		Bev +	102	39/63	63.3 (31.4-81.6)1	2 (1-10)1	34 (17-99) d1	28
Wicherts et al[23]	Multicenter	Bev –	97	61/36	62 ± 112	4.5 ± 4.62	-	38
		Bev +	67	42/25	58 ± 112	5.6 ± 4.52	8 (3-19) wk1	31
van der Pool et al[24]	The Netherlands	Bev –	53	33/20	62 (41-79)1	3 (1-7)1	-	14
		Bev +	51	29/22	64 (41-77)1	2 (1-8)1	11 (5-38) wk1	9

M: Male; F: Female; MR: Major resections (≥ segments).

¹Median (range);

²Mean.

Meta-analysis

Results from overall meta-analysis are outlined in Table 2.

Table 2 Results of meta-analysis.

Outcome of interest	No. of studies	No. of patients	OR	95%CI	P-value	I2(%)
Overall morbidity	10[8-10,16-18,20,22-24]	Bev + = 452, Bev - = 494	1.17	1.00, 1.37	0.06	0
Severe complication	8[8-10,16,17,20,22,23]	Bev + = 390, Bev - = 421	1.57	0.97, 2.53	0.07	18
Wound complication	6[8-10,16,22,23]	Bev + = 269, Bev - = 296	1.43	0.82, 2.50	0.21	0
Bleeding/thromboembolic complication	5[8-10,23,24]	Bev + = 218, Bev - = 284	0.99	0.41, 2.38	0.98	0
Cardiovascular complication	2[16,23]	Bev + = 148, Bev - = 141	1.14	0.23, 5.56	0.88	0
Pulmonary complication	6[8,16,18,20,23,24]	Bev + = 247, Bev - = 267	1.10	0.60, 2.02	0.77	0
Renal or urinary complication	6[8,16,18,20,23,24]	Bev + = 247, Bev - = 267	0.73	0.24, 2.23	0.58	0
Hepatic dysfunction	5[16-18,20,23]	Bev + = 223, Bev - = 219	0.48	0.22, 1.05	0.07	0
Mortality	10[8-10,16-18,20,22-24]	Bev + = 452, Bev - = 494	0.63	0.16, 2.56	0.52	0
Overall sinusoidal dilation	6[15,19-21,23,24]	Bev + = 265, Bev - = 395	0.53	0.38, 0.75	< 0.001	0
Moderate or severe sinusoidal dilation	6[15,18-21,24]	Bev + = 267,Bev - = 387	0.34	0.19,0.64	< 0.001	46

OR: Odds ratio; Bev: Bevacizumab.

Postoperative morbidity

Ten studies reported on overall morbidity, which was found to be comparable in the Bev + group and Bev - group (43.3% vs 36.8%, P = 0.06) (Figure 1A). Similarly, there was no significant difference in severe complications between the Bev + and Bev - groups (17.1% vs 11.4%, P = 0.07) (Figure 1B). Nor was there a significant difference in cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal or urinary complications between the Bev + and Bev - groups (2.7% vs 2.1%, P = 0.88; 10.1% vs 9.3%, P = 0.67; 1.2% vs 2.2%, P = 0.58, respectively).

Figure 1 Forest plot. A: Overall morbidity; B: Severe complications; C: Overall sinusoidal dilation; D: Moderate or severe sinusoidal dilation. Bev: Bevacizumab.

Bev-related complications including wound and thromboembolic/bleeding events were also similar in the Bev + and Bev - groups (14.4% vs 8.1%, P = 0.21; 4.1% vs 3.8%, P = 0.98, respectively). Four studies reported other types of Bev-related complications[16,22-24]. Kesmodel et al[16] reported hypertension in nine patients and proteinuria in two patients. van der Pool et al[24] reported hypertension in one patient. In one study, mild arterial hypertension occurred before surgery in one patient, necessitating dose reduction and treatment with beta-blocker therapy. No bowel perforations occurred in 13 patients with primary colorectal tumor in situ who received Bev. Anastomotic leakage with localized peritonitis occurred in one of seven patients who underwent synchronous colorectal and hepatic resections[23]. In another report by Tamandl et al[22], one patient developed anastomotic dehiscence after combined hepatic surgery and right colectomy.

Five studies reported on hepatic dysfunction, which was nonsignificantly less frequent in the Bev + group as compared with the Bev - group (5.3% vs 9.5%, P = 0.07).

Postoperative mortality

Ten studies reported on postoperative mortality. There were 3 (0.6%) deaths in the Bev + group, which was similar to that in the Bev - group (5 deaths, 1.0%).

Nontumorous liver histology

Seven studies evaluated the effect of Bev for CLM on nontumorous liver histology, and one study reported a significant difference in neoadjuvant treatment regimens between patient groups. To ensure homogeneity within groups, only patients treated with oxaliplatin were included for analysis[23]. Pooled analysis showed that Bev significantly reduced the incidence (Bev + 43.3% vs Bev - 63.7%, P < 0.001) and severity (Bev + 16.8% vs Bev - 46.5%, P < 0.001) of sinusoidal dilation (Figure 1C, D).

Publication bias

A funnel plot of the studies included in the meta-analysis reporting on overall morbidity is shown in Figure 2. None of the studies lay outside the limits of the 95%CI, and there was no evidence of publication bias.

Figure 2 Funnel plot of the results obtained from studies comparing overall morbidity. RR: Risk ratio.

DISCUSSION

Liver regeneration is an important component of the recovery process that occurs after various forms of hepatic injury, including partial hepatectomy (PH)[26]. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is a fundamental process in liver regeneration and repair. VEGF is considered a key regulator of normal and pathological angiogenesis. VEGF increases vascular dilatation and permeability, and induces the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells. These activities are mediated via two receptors for VEGF: kinase insert domain-containing receptor, and fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 receptor[27,28]. Endogenous expression of VEGF in hepatocytes and its receptors in endothelial cells has been shown to increase after PH[26].VEGF treatment protected the liver against chemically induced cytotoxicity, associated with a marked increase in the proliferation of hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC)[28,29]. In addition, exogenous VEGF administration promoted the increase of vessel density, vessel diameter, intrasinusoidal space, liver body weight ratio and hepatocyte proliferation after PH in the rat model. Conversely, these effects were completely suppressed by anti-VEGF treatment[30]. These results suggest that VEGF plays an important role in liver regeneration. Therefore, the safety of VEGF inhibitor administration at the time of hepatic surgery needs to be addressed.

The present meta-analysis shows that both overall and severe complications were not significantly different between the Bev + and Bev - groups. In addition, Bev treatment did not seem to increase the risk of Bev-related complications (wound and bleeding/thromboembolic events), hepatic dysfunction, and postoperative deaths. On the other hand, Wicherts et al[23] reported that liver functional recovery parameters including prothrombin time and serum total bilirubin level were equivalent between the Bev + and Bev - groups in the postoperative period, suggesting that Bev administration should be safe before hepatic resection.

To increase the safety of surgery, preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) has been used for major hepatic resection in CLM patients, because PVE can induce homolateral atrophy and contralateral compensatory hypertrophy of the remnant liver, thus decreasing the risk of postoperative liver failure[31]. In a relatively large cohort study of 100 patients, Covey et al[32] found that the mean growth of non-embolized hemiliver was comparable in patients treated with and without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (22% ± 3% vs 26% ± 3%) with a similar number of patients with less than 5% growth of liver (4 vs 6) after PVE. Similar findings were also reported by other authors[33,34]. Zorzi et al[17] found that chemotherapy with Bev did not alter non-embolized liver hypertrophy. In contrast, a study conducted by Aussilhou et al[18] demonstrated that the hypertrophy of the future liver remnant after PVE was impaired in patients treated with Bev. These inconsistent results may be attributed to different durations of chemotherapy used in the two studies. It was reported that postoperative morbidity was correlated with the number of cycles of chemotherapy before surgery. Karoui et al[35] reported that morbidity in patients who received six or more cycles of chemotherapy was significantly higher that that in patients who received less than six cycles (54% vs 19%, P = 0.047). Indeed, almost 80% of the patients in the series by Aussilhou et al[18] received six or more cycles of chemotherapy compared with 53% in the study by Zorzi et al[17].

Although oxaliplatin is often utilized as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of CLM, it can exert adverse effects on the liver. Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy has been shown to cause hepatic sinusoidal dilation[12]. Our study has shown that Bev can significantly reduce the incidence and severity of sinusoidal dilation, thus supporting the use of Bev for CLM. An explanation for the above protective effect remains unclear. Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2 by SEC was found to play an important role in sinusoidal dilation development in the monocrotaline-induced rat model[36]. An in vitro study[37] suggested that VEGF could up-regulate MMP-9 expression. It is postulated that VEGF blockade by Bev may attenuate sinusoidal injury by down-regulating MMP-9[15].

There is no consensus on the optimal time interval between discontinuation of Bev and hepatic surgery. D’Angelica et al[8] found that postoperative complications were more common in patients who received Bev within 8 wk. Similarly, Reddy et al[9] noted that patients who underwent hepatectomy within 8 wk of Bev treatment may be at a higher risk of overall, severe and hepatic complications after surgery. Whereas Kesmodel et al[16] failed to confirm that the time interval from discontinuation of Bev (≥ 60 vs < 60 d) to surgery was associated with an increased likelihood of developing complications. In addition, a subgroup analysis of patients who received Bev also demonstrated that there was no significant difference in complication rates between patients who received Bev 31-45 d, 46-60 d and greater than 60 d before surgery (P = 0.21). In another report, Mahfud et al[10] showed that the occurrence of postoperative complications was similar in patients who had received Bev for < 6 wk and in those who had taken Bev ≥ 6 wk before liver resection. Based on the evidence that the median half-life of Bev in humans is approximately 21 d (range 11-50 d), some authors recommend waiting at least 6-8 wk from discontinuation of Bev to surgery[8,9,16].

The main limitation of this meta-analysis was that all evidence came from nonrandomized trials which could introduce potential bias in data collection and analysis. However, there is evidence that nonrandomized studies may generally give valid results[38].

In conclusion, our meta-analysis has shown that Bev can be safely administered before hepatic resection in CLM patients, knowing that it has a protective effect against oxaliplatin-related liver injury. The issue of optimal timing of hepatectomy in patients treated with Bev should be addressed in future prospective multicenter trials.

COMMENTS

Background

Bevacizumab (Bev), a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A, has recently been added to standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CLM). However, Bev is reportedly associated with bleeding, thrombosis, gastrointestinal perforation, impaired wound healing and liver regeneration. Therefore, the safety of Bev at the time of hepatic surgery needs to be addressed.

Research frontiers

The study evaluated the impact of preoperative administration of neoadjuvant Bev on the outcome of patients undergoing resection for CLM using a meta-analysis of all relevant studies.

Innovations and breakthroughs

Findings from this meta-analysis suggest that preoperative Bev does not seem to increase postoperative morbidity after hepatic surgery of CLM and has a protective effect against hepatic injury in patients treated with oxaliplatin chemotherapy.

Applications

Bev can be safely administered in CLM patients before hepatic resection.

Terminology

Bev, a monoclonal antibody against VEFG, can inhibit the growth of human tumor xenografts.

Peer review

The topic is interesting and the methodology of the meta-analysis is appropriate.