Aberrant glycosylation of the anti-Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope immunoglobulin G in gastric cancer patients

Abstract

AIM: To study whether alterations in the glycosylation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific to the Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope (TF) have diagnostic and prognostic potential in gastric cancer.

METHODS: Serum samples were obtained from patients with histologically verified gastric carcinoma (n = 89), healthy blood donors (n = 40), and patients with benign stomach diseases (n = 22). The lectin-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based glycoprofiling of TF-specific IgG (anti-TF IgG) was performed using synthetic TF-polyacrylamide conjugate as antigen, total IgG purified by affinity chromatography on protein G sepharose, and lectins of various sugar specificities: mannose-specific concanavalin A (ConA), fucose-specific Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) and sialic acid-specific Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA). The sensitivity and specificity of the differences between cancer patients and controls were evaluated by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Overall survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Time-dependent ROC curve statistics were applied to determine cut-off values for survival analysis. All calculations and comparisons were performed using the GraphPad Prism 5 and SPSS 15.0 software.

RESULTS: The level of TF-specific IgG was significantly increased in cancer patients compared with non-cancer controls (P < 0.001). This increase was pronounced mostly in stage 1 of the disease. Cancer patients showed a higher level of ConA binding to anti-TF-IgG (P < 0.05) and a very low level of SNA lectin binding (P = 0.0001). No appreciable stage-dependency of the binding of any lectin to anti-TF IgG was found. A strong positive correlation between the binding of AAL and SNA was found in all groups studied (r = 0.71-0.72; P < 0.0001). The changes in ConA reactivity were not related to those of the fucose- or sialic acid-specific lectin. Changes in the SNA binding index and the ConA/SNA binding ratio demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity for stomach cancer: sensitivity 78.79% (95%CI: 61.09-91.02) and 72.73% (95%CI: 57.21-85.04); specificity 79.17 (95%CI: 65.01-89.53) and 88.64% (95%CI: 71.8-96.6), for the SNA binding index and the ConA/SNA binding ratio, respectively. The other combinations of lectins did not improve the accuracy of the assay. The low level of ConA-positive anti-TF IgG was associated with a survival benefit in cancer patients (HR = 1.56; 95%CI: 0.78-3.09; P = 0.19), especially in stages 3-4 of the disease (HR = 2.17; 95%CI: 0.98-4.79; P = 0.048). A significantly better survival rate was found in all cancer patients with a low reactivity of anti-TF IgG to the fucose-specific AAL lectin (HR = 2.39; 95%CI: 1.0-5.7; P = 0.038).

CONCLUSION: The changes in the TF-specific IgG glycosylation pattern can be used as a biomarker for stomach cancer detection, and to predict patient survival.

Key Words: Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen; Anticarbohydrate antibodies; Stomach cancer; IgG glycosylation; Survival; Lectins

INTRODUCTION

The aberrant glycosylation often observed in cancer cells leads to the expression of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) which may be autoimmunogenic and recognized by autoantibodies[1-5]. This makes TACA a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. In cancer patients, an abnormal glycosylation pattern has also been observed for many circulating glycoconjugates, such as transferrin, MUC1 mucin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and immunoglobulins[6-10]. This suggests a systemic impact of malignancy on glycosylation machinery or possibly represents a specific feature of the host metabolism. In both cases, such changes might be considered as a biomarker of cancer, a premalignant state, or the disposition of the host to cancer (risk factors).

The Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF, CD176, core-1) (Galβ1, 3GalNAcα/β-O-Ser/Thr) is expressed in many carcinomas and results from incomplete synthesis of O-linked glycans on glycoproteins and glycolipids[1,2]. The TF glycotope is known as a pancarcinoma antigen which is expressed in approximately 90% of all human cancers and in premalignant conditions[2,11]. TF expression is associated with more aggressive tumors and is related to the induction of invasion, metastasis and cancer surveillance mechanisms[12-16]. The TF antigen seems to play a crucial role in the adhesion of cancer cells to the endothelium through interaction with galectin-3, thereby promoting metastasis[17,18].

Naturally-occurring TF antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (anti-TF IgG) autoantibodies are present in human serum in health and disease[3,19,20]. In cancer patients, their level is related to tumor progression and prognosis, being higher in patients with the early stages of the disease, in those with more differentiated tumors (G1-2), and in those with better survival[12,21,22]. This suggests an immediate impact of the humoral immune response on malignancy via direct or antibody-dependent cell-mediated effector pathways. However, the mechanisms behind these associations remain to be further elucidated.

Human serum IgG contains N-linked glycans attached to Asn297 on the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. The Fc glycan structures are highly variable and differ in the level of terminal sialic acid, galactose (G0, G1, G2), core fucose and bisecting GlcNAc[23]. Changes in IgG Fc glycosylation strongly influence the Fc-receptor-mediated activities of antibody[23-25] and are associated with various pathologies, including cancer. However, little attention has been paid yet to the glycosylation of antibodies specific to tumor-associated antigens[26]. During the last decade, the diversity of IgG glycans has been thoroughly studied by the interaction of IgG with lectins[26-29], as well as by mass spectrometry-based methodology[9,10,30]. Our recent studies demonstrated an increase in the level of the ConA lectin-positive glycoform of both total serum IgG and TF antigen-specific IgG in patients with cancer[8,31]. Moreover, the low level of this IgG glycoform was associated with an overall survival benefit in patients with gastric cancer[8], indicating its functional relevance, as well as its potential clinical value. Similar changes in ConA reactivity have been reported for tumor-reactive IgG in patients with ovarian cancer[26]. However, the antigenic specificity of these antibodies remains unknown.

In an attempt to discover and evaluate potential biomarkers for stomach cancer diagnosis and patient prognosis, the TF antigen-specific IgG glycosylation profile was investigated using lectins of various sugar specificities. In this study, we demonstrate the aberrant glycosylation of anti-TF IgG in patients with stomach cancer, and the association of these changes with overall survival, indicating their potential clinical applicability.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Subjects

Serum samples were obtained from healthy blood donors, patients with benign stomach diseases and patients with histologically verified gastric carcinoma (Table 1). The investigation was carried out in accordance with the ICH GCP Standards and approved by the Tallinn Medical Research Ethics Committee, Estonia. Written informed consent was obtained from each subject.

Table 1 Characteristics of the subjects tested¹.

Groups	n	Male	Female	M/F	Median age (range), yr
Donors	40	12	28	0.43	52.2 (23–70)
Benign group2	22	19	3	6.3	62.0 (44–76)
Non-cancer3	62	31	31	1	59.5 (23–76)
Cancer patients	89	53	36	1.47	66.0 (22–84)
Stages 1-4
Stage 1	18	8	10	0.86	65.0 (28–84)
Stage 2	19	14	5	1.67	66.5 (46–83)
Stage 3	42	22	20	0.83	65.0 (38–81)
Stage 4	10	9	1	9	65.0 (44–76)

¹All subjects were tested for anti-Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope IgG levels and the concanavalin A binding. Aleuria aurantia lectin and Sambucus nigra agglutinin binding test was performed in all donors and patients with benign gastric disease, and in 33 patients with stomach cancer (stage 1, n = 4; stage 2, n = 5; stage 3, n = 19; stage 4, n = 5);

²Peptic ulcer disease, n = 6; chronic gastritis, n = 7; atrophic gastritis, n = 9;

³Combined group of donors and patients with benign stomach disease. M/F: Male/female.

Tumor staging was based on the histopathological (pTNM) classification of malignant tumors. Serum samples were stored in aliquots at -20  °C until use.

Serum IgG purification on protein G sepharose

To remove the anti-TF IgM and IgA isotype antibodies, preliminary purification of serum total IgG was performed on a Protein G HP Spin Trap column as described by the manufacturer (GE Healthcare, United States). The samples were immediately neutralized, dialyzed against phosphate buffered solution (PBS) - 0.1% NaN₃ and stored at + 4 °C until tested. About 8.5 mg of IgG was obtained from 1 mL of serum applied onto the Protein G Sepharose column.

Anti-TF IgG antibody assay

The anti-TF IgG level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as described elsewhere[21], with minor modifications. Briefly, the plates (Maxisorp, Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) were coated with a synthetic TF-polyacrylamide conjugate (Lectinity, Russia, 10 mol% of carbohydrate) in carbonate buffer, pH 9.6, 5 µg per well. After overnight incubation, triple washing and blocking with a Superblock solution (Pierce, United States) for 15 min at 25 °C, the purified IgG samples (50 μg/well) in PBS-0.05% Tween (Tw) were applied for 1.5 h at 25 °C. After subsequent washing with PBS-Tw, the bound anti-TF IgG was detected with alkaline phosphatase conjugated goat anti-human IgG (Dako, United States) and p-nitrophenylphosphate disodium hexahydrate (Sigma, United States). The absorbance values were read at 405 nm (Tecan Reader, Austria). The relatively high doses of total IgG were applied because of the low concentration of anti-TF IgG in the serum. These IgG doses correspond approximately to the 1:25-1:50 serum dilution used in our previous studies[21].

Lectin reactivity of the TF-specific IgG

The lectin reactivity of the TF glycotope-specific IgG was measured in a similar way, except that the binding of mannose-specific concanavalin A (ConA), fucose-specific Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) and neuraminic acid (sialic acid)-specific Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) to the absorbed anti-TF IgG was measured as described by Kodar et al[8]. Biotinylated ConA (Sigma, United States) in the ConA binding buffer (0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.2, containing 0.2 mol/L NaCl and 3 mmol/L CaCl₂, MgCl₂ and MnCl₂ each), AAL (Vector Laboratories Inc., United States) in 10 mmol/L HEPES, 0.15 mol/L NaCl buffer, pH 7.5, and SNA (Vector Laboratories Inc., United States) in 10 mmol/L HEPES, 0.15 mol/L NaCl, 0.1 mmol/L CaCl₂, pH 7.5, were each applied at a concentration of 5 μg/mL, for 1.5 h at 25 °C. The bound lectins were detected with a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate (Dako, United States) and p-nitrophenylphosphate (Sigma, United States). The optical density value (A) of control wells (blank: the Superblock solution instead of TF-PAA for anti-TF or no sample for lectin binding testing) was subtracted from that of the IgG-coated wells to determine the binding of both IgG and lectin. Each sample was analyzed in duplicate.

To standardize the assay, standard IgG was included in each plate for IgG determination and lectin binding measurement. The interassay variations were minimized by using the correction factor (CF): CF = 1/(standard serum A values - blank) × 100. The results were expressed in relative units (RU): RU = sample A value × CF. The lectin reactivity of anti-TF IgG was calculated as the lectin index: (sample lectin binding RU)/(sample anti-TF IgG binding RU).

Statistical analysis

Comparisons between the groups were performed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test for unpaired data or regression analysis with the Spearman test. Survival analysis was carried out using the Kaplan-Meier method. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis as generated in SPSS 15.0 was used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the changes found for stomach cancer. The area under the ROC curve and the P value of the ROC curve were calculated. The time-dependent ROC curve statistics were applied to determine cut-off values for survival analysis. The difference between the groups was considered to be significant when P≤ 0.05. All calculations were performed using the GraphPad Prism 5 and SPSS 15.0 software.

RESULTS

TF antigen-specific IgG antibody level in total IgG preparations

A significantly higher level of TF-specific IgG was found in purified total IgG preparations from the serum of patients with stomach cancer compared with that in controls: P = 0.002, 0.0003 and 0.00004 for donors, benign and combined non-cancer groups, respectively (Figure 1). This increase was mostly pronounced in stage 1 of the disease (P = 0.02, P = 0.0006, P = 0.01 compared with stages 2, 3 and 4, respectively). Up to 10-fold interindividual variations in anti-TF IgG antibody levels were observed in all the groups and especially in cancer patients.

Figure 1 Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope-IgG level in patients with stomach cancer and controls. A: Box plots of anti-TF IgG levels (medians, ranges and quartiles) in controls and cancer patients; B: Anti-TF IgG levels in cancer patients by stage. Significantly higher in stage 1 compared with stages 2, 3 and 4 (P = 0.02, 0.001 and 0.01, respectively). P values were calculated by the Mann-Whitney U test.

Lectin binding profile of TF-specific IgG

The anti-TF IgG of patients with cancer showed a significantly higher level of ConA-positive IgG glycoform than that of both controls: P = 0.013, 0.05 and 0.005 for donors, benign and non-cancer groups, respectively (Figures 2 and 3). In contrast, the binding of SNA was significantly lower in cancer patients compared with that of blood donors and patients with benign gastric diseases (P < 0.0001). In cancer patients, the binding of AAL did not differ from that of the donors (P = 0.64), but was significantly lower than that of the benign group (P = 0.000008) or non-cancer group (P = 0.005). A group of patients with chronic gastritis (n = 7, one with atrophic gastritis), who showed very high AAL index values, accounted for this difference. This was the only exception in this study when the benign group differed significantly from the donors (P = 0.01). Two of these patients also showed a high level of SNA binding. All patients with peptic ulcer disease (n = 6) demonstrated a similar level of binding for all three lectins compared with that of blood donors.

Figure 2 Binding of lectins to the Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope-specific IgG in gastric cancer patients and controls. A: Concanavalin A (ConA); B: Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL); C: Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA). Box plots of lectin index values (medians, ranges and quartiles) in patients with stomach cancer, healthy blood donors and patients with benign stomach disease. P values were calculated by the Mann-Whitney U test and are shown for significant differences.

Figure 3 Anti-Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope-specific IgG glycosylation profile as defined by concanavalin A, Aleuria aurantia lectin and Sambucus nigra agglutinin binding. A: Non-cancer group and cancer patients; B: Relation to the stage of cancer. The results are depicted as mean with error bars representing SEM. P values were calculated by the Mann-Whitney U test: ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs controls for all lectins. ConA: Concanavalin A; AAL: Aleuria aurantia lectin SNA: Sambucus nigra agglutinin.

No appreciable stage-dependency of the binding of any lectin to the anti-TF IgG was found (Figure 3), though a slight trend towards higher ConA index values in stage 1 cancer patients was observed (P = 0.19 compared with stage 3 patients).

A strong positive correlation between the reactivities of AAL and SNA was demonstrated in all groups: cancer patients (r = 0.72; P < 0.0001); non-cancer group (r = 0.71; P < 0.0001) as well as the combined group of all tested subjects (r = 0.72; P < 0.0001). No significant correlation between the reactivities of ConA and the two other lectins was observed. Thus, the changes in ConA reactivity were not related to the modification of anti-TF IgG binding sites for the fucose- or sialic acid-specific lectins (AAL and SNA).

Anti-TF IgG level and lectin binding profile: Sensitivity and specificity in stomach cancer

ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate changes in the level and glycosylation profile of anti-TF-IgG as possible biomarkers. The diagnostic accuracy and ROC curve statistics are presented in Figure 4 and Table 2. In the absence of a correlation between the binding of ConA and the two other lectins, we investigated a possible interactive effect of lectin combinations using the ratios of ConA/SNA, ConA/AAL and AAL/SNA in the ROC analysis.

Table 2 Anti-TF IgG level and lectin binding profile: Sensitivity and specificity for gastric cancer.

Parameter	Sensitivity % (95%CI)	Specificity % (95%CI)	ROC statistics		Sensitivity at specificity 90%
			Area under curve	P value
Anti-TF IgG	65.17 (51.34-76.26)	67.74 (56.66-76.98)	0.70	< 0.0001	50.56
ConA	62.92 (48.37-74.49)	56.90 (46.37-67.74)	0.64	0.004	24.72
SNA	78.79 (61.09-91.02)	79.17 (65.01-89.53)	0.87	< 0.0001	57.58
AAL	69.70 (51.29-84.41)	64.58 (49.46-77.84)	0.68	0.006	12.12
ConA/SNA	72.73 (57.21-85.04)	88.64 (71.80-96.60)	0.91	< 0.0001	63.64
AAL/ConA	84.85 (68.10-94.89)	68.18 (52.42-81.39)	0.78	< 0.0001	33.33
AAL/SNA	84.85 (72.24-93.93)	47.92 (30.80-66.46)	0.68	0.006	3.03

ConA: Concanavalin A; AAL: Aleuria aurantia lectin; SNA: Sambucus nigra agglutinin; Anti-TF IgG: Anti-Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope immunoglobulin G; ROC: Receiver operator characteristic.

Figure 4 Sensitivity and specificity of anti-Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope-specific IgG glycosylation changes in stomach cancer. A: Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis by lectin binding index values; B: ROC curve analysis by lectin combinations using the ratios of concanavalin A (ConA)/Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), ConA/Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) and AAL/SNA.

Despite the significant difference in anti-TF IgG levels between cancer patients and controls these changes showed a low sensitivity and specificity for cancer, possibly due to great variations within each group. The same was true for the ConA and AAL lectin index values. In contrast, changes in the SNA binding index and, especially, ConA/SNA ratio values demonstrated rather good sensitivity and specificity reaching 78.8%-88.6% (Table 2). Since no notable cancer stage dependency of lectin binding was observed, the sensitivity and specificity values are presented for the combined cancer group and non-cancer controls (Figure 4 and Table 2). Using the combination of ConA/AAL and AAL/SNA lectin ratios did not improve the accuracy of the assay and showed lower sensitivity and specificity values, usually below 70% (Table 2).

Lectin binding of TF-specific IgG and survival of cancer patients

The subgroups of cancer patients with high and low levels of lectin binding to anti-TF IgG were compared. The cut-off levels were calculated using time-dependent ROC curve analysis for each lectin. Despite the opposite changes in the binding of ConA and AAL or SNA lectin in cancer patients (increase vs decrease) a similar association with survival was demonstrated for all three lectins tested, with a common trend in the early and advanced stages of the disease (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Binding of lectins to Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope-specific IgG and the survival of patients with stomach cancer. The probability of survival (Kaplan-Meier method) of stomach cancer patients in relation to lectin binding to Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope (TF)-specific IgG. A: Concanavalin A (ConA) lectin binding of all cancer patients; B: Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) binding in all cancer patients; C: Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) binding in all cancer patients; D: ConA binding in patients with stage 3-4 cancer; E: AAL binding in patients with stage 3-4 cancer; F: SNA binding of patients with stage 3-4 cancer. Patient lectin index values, which were either lower, equal to (dashed line) or higher (solid line) than the cut-off are compared. The cut-off levels were calculated using time-dependent receiver operator characteristic curve analysis.

The low level of ConA-positive anti-TF IgG was associated with a survival benefit in cancer patients (HR = 1.56; 95%CI: 0.78-3.09; P = 0.19), especially in those with stages 3-4 of the disease (HR = 2.17; 95%CI: 0.98-4.79; P = 0.048). A significantly better survival rate was found in all cancer patients with low reactivity of anti-TF IgG to the fucose-specific AAL lectin (HR = 2.39; 95%CI: 1.0-5.7; P = 0.038). The association of SNA lectin reactivity with survival showed a similar trend. Considering that no correlation between the binding of ConA and the two other lectins was found, a possible interactive effect of the combination of the two lectins was investigated using the ratios of ConA/SNA, ConA/AAL and AAL/SNA. However, no additional information regarding association with survival was obtained (data not shown).

DISCUSSION

The role of autoantibodies against tumor-associated glycans in cancer surveillance has been mostly considered for IgM[2,4]. These antibodies are not affinity-matured which argues in favor of their inherent natural origin. In contrast, the presence of IgG anti-glycan antibodies suggests an adaptive immune response. The origin of anti-glycan autoantibodies of both isotypes is still unclear though the available evidence suggests that at least anti-TF and anti-alpha Gal antigen-specific antibodies may be induced by bacterial glycans or, possibly, by cross-reactivity with these antigens[3,32]. In any case, large and unexplained interindividual variations in their level in health and disease exist[21,22], possibly reflecting the distinct immunological histories of each individual. Moreover, the anti-TF IgG level is rather stable over time at an individual level in both patients and controls[22,33].

In this study, a significantly higher level of TF-specific IgG in purified total IgG preparations from the serum of patients with stomach cancer than in both control groups was observed. This increase was mostly pronounced in stage 1 of the disease, suggesting that an adaptive immune response cannot be excluded in the early stages of tumor with a subsequent decrease in the anti-TF IgG level in advanced cancer as a result of tumor-induced immunodepression. If this is the case, the population of anti-TF IgG should be expected to be heterogeneous and to include both naturally-occurring TF glycotope-specific antibodies, whose presence precedes tumor development, and those triggered by disease, i.e., induced by the tumor-derived TF glycotope. Because of large interindividual variations in anti-TF IgG level, the human population may be divided into low and strong responders to the TF glycotope. Notably, donors and the benign group showed a more compact distribution. Further characterization of anti-TF IgG subpopulations is needed to determine their structural and functional diversities, and clinical significance.

A significantly higher binding of ConA (P = 0.005) and a highly significant (P = 0.00000003) decrease in SNA lectin binding was characteristic of the anti-TF IgG from the samples of cancer patients compared with those of the non-cancer group (Figure 3). The ConA binding index was higher in stage 1 patients, whereas the SNA and AAL lectin binding index values were low irrespective of the disease stage. We previously found similar changes in the binding of ConA to the total IgG from the serum of patients with gastric cancer.

The changes in anti-TF IgG glycosylation showed rather a high level of sensitivity and specificity in cancer and non-cancer group discrimination (Table 2). It appears that the SNA binding index and, in particular, the ConA/SNA ratio are promising as diagnostic markers to differentiate stomach cancer from controls, including benign gastric diseases. As there are no reliable markers for gastric cancer yet, these findings may be of clinical value.

We reported recently that the level of agalactosylated IgG (G0 glycoform) in the total IgG of gastric cancer patients was significantly higher than that of controls[9]. Interestingly, this shift positively correlated with the binding of ConA to the total serum IgG, and was also observed in purified TF-specific IgG samples (unpublished data). This indicates that IgG asialylation/agalactosylation is associated with an increased ConA binding possibly due to a better accessibility of the d-mannose residue to the ConA because of conformational changes in the Fc G0 glycoform. The absence of a correlation between the binding of ConA and SNA may be a reason for a positive interactive effect of using the ConA/SNA binding ratios for cancer vs non-cancer group discrimination.

Despite the opposite changes in the binding of ConA and the two other lectins to anti-TF IgG in patients with cancer (Figure 2), a better survival rate was associated with lower reactivity of anti-TF IgG to AAL and ConA. The SNA reactivity revealed no significant association with survival, though a similar slight trend was observed. It seems that IgG desialylation alone is not sufficient for the impact on survival, and further degalactosylation is needed to attain this effect. In this study, the patients were subjected to follow-up for more than 10 years. The association of the binding of ConA and AAL with survival became evident after 2.5-3 years of observation, reaching a maximum after 5 years.

Several studies have demonstrated that agalactosylated IgGs show an increased inflammatory activity[34-37] that may promote tumor growth[38,39]. In addition, the IgG₁ lacking the branching fucose or with an additional bisecting GlcNAc shows an enhanced ADCC activity through an increased interaction with Fc gamma receptors[36,40-42]. The association of the high level of the G0 IgG glycoform with a lower survival rate we reported recently[9], and the decreased anti-TF IgG fucosylation associated with better survival in the present findings may be related to these mechanisms.

It has been shown that sialylated glycans predominate in glycosylated antibody binding fragments (Fab) whereas the Fc fragment N-glycans are mostly monosialylated[30,43]. Our findings cannot answer the question of whether the Fc or Fab fragment sialylation is responsible for the changes observed in anti-TF IgG glycosylation.

In addition, it remains unclear whether changes in the sialylation and core fucosylation of anti-TF IgG glycans in both IgG fragments may be independent or concordant events, despite the positive correlation observed between the binding of SNA and AAL lectin to the whole molecule of the TF-specific IgG. Given that an active immunization reduces the sialylation of IgG, especially the antigen-driven IgG[36], we hypothesize that the decreased sialylation of anti-TF IgG observed in cancer patients may be an indicator of an adaptive immune response to tumor-derived TF antigen, in addition to naturally-occurring anti-TF IgG antibodies, which are present in every individual in different amounts.

In conclusion, the results show the glycosylation of TF-specific IgG antibodies in patients with gastric cancer to undergo significant changes when compared with that of controls. The appearance of these alterations already in the early stages of cancer and their association with survival suggest that they play a significant role in cancer development and progression. The lectin-based glycoprofiling ELISA assay is an informative and clinically applicable tool for the analysis of IgG glycans. The results imply that changes in the TF-specific IgG glycosylation have diagnostic and prognostic potential for stomach cancer. However, a further study is needed to support these findings on a larger scale using different control groups. Mass spectrometry-based methodology might help to further specify different subsets of anti-TF IgG of clinical importance.

COMMENTS

Background

Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Yet there are still no reliable serum biomarkers for gastric cancer diagnostics and prognostics. Previous studies have demonstrated that naturally-occurring antibodies (Ab) to tumor-associated glycans are involved in natural tumor immunity, being associated with tumor progression and cancer patients survival.

Research frontiers

Recent findings about the impact of Ab glycosylation on their effect or functions suggest that the evaluation of not just the level of antibodies but rather their structural diversity might improve the clinical potential of the antibody-based approach in the disease diagnostics and prognostics. With this purpose in mind, a research team from Estonia led by Kurtenkov O aimed to evaluate whether the glycosylation profile of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to the so-called tumor-associated Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF) could serve as a marker of gastric cancer and the disease outcome. The study is based on the analysis of a long-term (for more than 10 years) survival of cancer patients.

Innovations and breakthroughs

This study demonstrates for the first time that the glycosylation of anti-TF antibodies reveals gastric cancer-related changes with a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of about 80%. It is striking that the stage of cancer had little effect on these parameters, thus allowing one to diagnose the disease in its early stages. Besides, the authors show that some Ab glycoforms may predict patient survival. Based on these results, the authors conclude that this serology-based approach may be of clinical importance for gastric cancer diagnostics and prognostics.

Applications

The results indicate that changes in the TF-specific IgG glycosylation have diagnostic and prognostic potential for stomach cancer. The lectin-based glycoprofiling of anti-TF IgG antibodies is an informative and clinically applicable tool to specify sets of tumor-associated antibody glycoforms which can be used as a biomarker for stomach cancer detection and follow-up. It is plausible that the elevated level of a specific antibody glycoform might serve as a marker for a stronger immune response, providing protection against cancer. The findings may eventually lead to the development of novel forms of cancer immunotherapy based on vaccination with TF as target and the manipulation of Ab glycosylation machinery. This will need further work, in particular performance of functional tests using tumor cells and different Ab glycoforms, to understand the biological relevance of the results.

Terminology

Glycans: The chains of sugars that coat the outer surface of cells or are attached to other molecules (proteins, lipids). Glycosylation is the enzymatic process in which sugars are attached to other molecules.

Peer review

This important study extends findings from studies of the same authors published previously and make a great contribution to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underline aberrant glycosylation in gastric carcinogenesis, and to the evaluation of potential biomarkers for gastric cancer diagnosis and patient prognosis.