Bleeding duodenal hemangioma: Morphological changes and endoscopic mucosal resection

Abstract

Recently, the development of endoscopic procedures has increased the availability of minimally invasive treatments; however, there have been few case reports of duodenal hemangioma treated by endoscopic mucosal resection. The present report describes a case of duodenal hemangioma that showed various endoscopic changes over time and was treated by endoscopic mucosal resection. An 80-year-old woman presented with tarry stools and a loss of appetite. An examination of her blood revealed severe anemia, and her hemoglobin level was 4.2 g/dL. An emergency upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed. A red, protrusive, semipedunculated tumor (approximately 20 mm in diameter) with spontaneous bleeding on its surface was found in the superior duodenal angle. Given the semipedunculated appearance of the tumor, it was suspected to be an epithelial tumor with a differential diagnosis of hyperplastic polyp. The biopsy results suggested a telangiectatic hemangioma. Because this lesion was considered to be responsible for her anemia, endoscopic mucosal resection was performed for diagnostic and treatment purposes after informed consent was obtained. A histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed dilated and proliferated capillary lumens of various sizes, which confirmed the final diagnosis of duodenal hemangioma. Neither anemia nor tumor recurrence has been observed since the endoscopic mucosal resection (approximately 1 year). Duodenal hemangiomas can be treated endoscopically provided that sufficient consideration is given to all of the possible treatment strategies. Interestingly, duodenal hemangiomas show morphological changes that are influenced by various factors, such as mechanical stimuli.

Key Words: Duodenal hemangioma; Endoscopic mucosal resection; Gastrointestinal bleeding; Morphological changes; Capillary hemangioma

INTRODUCTION

Vascular lesions of the duodenum, including hemangiomas, are rare causes of gastrointestinal bleeding. Indeed, there have been very few reports of hemangioma in the duodenum. Endoscopically, hemangiomas have various morphological features. The present case is the first report of a duodenal hemangioma that showed various morphological features at the time of endoscopy. Although duodenal hemangioma is treated by surgical duodenectomy, the use of less-invasive procedures, such as endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), has increased. The present study found that EMR is an effective treatment for hemorrhagic duodenal hemangioma. In addition, the present study summarized previous case reports of duodenal hemangioma.

CASE REPORT

An 80-year-old woman presented with tarry stools and a loss of appetite. She had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis when she was in her seventies. She had experienced a loss of appetite and anemic symptoms since approximately March 10, 2008, but she did not seek medical attention. She noticed a tarry stool on March 15 and experienced pallor of the face and astasia on March 18, which was the day she presented at the emergency department of Sakaide municipal hospital. The physical findings upon admission included a body height of 148 cm, a body weight of 45 kg, clear sensorium, a body temperature of 36.6  °C, a blood pressure of 116/56 mmHg, a pulse rate of 84 bpm, and an oxygen saturation of 100%. The palpebral conjunctiva was noted to be anemic. The abdomen was flat and soft with no spontaneous pain or tenderness. An examination of the blood at the time of admission revealed significant anemia with a hemoglobin level of 4.2 g/dL. In addition, her albumin level was decreased to 3.3 g/dL. Platelet counts, coagulation tests, and renal/hepatic function tests were all normal. An emergency upper endoscopy was performed on admission, but no abnormalities were found in the esophagus or the stomach. A red, semipedunculated tumor (20 mm in diameter) with spontaneous bleeding was found in the superior duodenal angle (SDA) (Figure 1). This patient had received an upper endoscopy at another hospital 9 mo earlier and had undergone biopsy after a blue, nonpedunculated, submucosal tumor-like lesion was found in SDA (Figure 2). Because there was no active bleeding during the endoscopic observation, biopsies were obtained from the basal and apical portions of the protruding lesion for diagnostic purposes. Although the pathological examination of the biopsy samples only identified necrotic material in the basal sample, we observed a dense proliferation of capillaries in the apical sample, which resulted in a diagnosis of suspected capillary hemangioma. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a slightly enhanced tumor (approximately 20 mm in diameter) in the SDA. Interestingly, we did not observe the presence of thick supplying blood vessels or an extramural extension of the tumor.

Figure 1 A red protruding lesion (20 mm in diameter) with spontaneous bleeding was found in the superior duodenal angle.

Figure 2 A blue, nonpedunculated, submucosal tumor-like lesion. The tumor is almost entirely covered by mucosa.

Based on the upper endoscopic findings and the results of the pathological examination, a duodenal hemangioma was considered to be the source of the bleeding. With conservative therapy, the hemoglobin level increased to 7 g/dL, and hemostasis was achieved.

Because of the possibility of recurrent bleeding, EMR was performed to remove the hemangioma (Figure 3A-D). The top of the tumor was semipedunculated and irregular. First, the endothelial tumor was distinguished, but the biopsy showed the presence of a hemangioma, and the CT revealed an absence of thick supplying blood vessels. Additionally, the patient was of advanced aged and suffered from dementia. Also, the patient’s family did not want her to undergo surgery. Moreover, the duodenal mucosa was sufficiently elevated following a local injection of salin solution; thus, EMR was performed. If histology of the resected specimen had revealed malignant potential, then surgery would have been performed.

Figure 3 Duodenal hemangioma and endoscopic mucosal resection. A: EMR was performed after the mucosa was sufficiently elevated by local injection; B: The mucosal defect; C: The mucosal defect was closed using the clipping technique, and the procedure was completed; D: A resected specimen obtained by EMR. EMR: Endoscopic mucosal resection.

We performed another upper endoscopy 3 d after the EMR, and hemostasis was confirmed. The patient had a favorable postoperative course and was discharged from the hospital without complications 1 wk after the EMR. Histopathological examination revealed the proliferation of endothelial cells lining the lumens of capillaries of various sizes and confirmed the diagnosis of capillary hemangioma (Figure 4A and B).

Figure 4 Pathological specimen. A: A magnified pathological image of the resected specimen (10 ×); B: A magnified pathological image of the central part of the 20 mm × 12 mm tumor, which shows proliferation of various sized capillary lumens (100 ×).

DISCUSSION

Hemangiomas only account for approximately 0.3% of all gastrointestinal tumors[1]. A search for Japanese and foreign case reports of duodenal hemangioma between 1978 and 2008 through the Japana Centra Revuo Medicina and MEDLINE only identified 22 reports, including the present case, which indicated a very low incidence of the disease (Table 1)[2-12]. We conducted a clinicopathological review of the identified Japanese case reports, including the present case. The mean age of the patients was 55 years, and the ages ranged from 2 years to 85 years. The chief complaints in the Japanese cases included melena/anemic symptoms in 82% (14 of 17) of the cases and obstructive symptoms in 1 case. Interestingly, there were only 2 asymptomatic cases. Nader et al. reported that only 30% of hemangioma cases were asymptomatic. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage/anemia was observed in 73.2% of the hemangioma cases, and obstructive symptoms were observed in 12.8% of the cases[13]. Tumors were slightly more commonly in the descending portion (8 of 17 cases, 48%) of the duodenum compared with the other portions of the duodenum. In terms of size, cavernous hemangiomas tend to be larger than capillary hemangiomas (11-80 mm vs 8-20 mm, respectively). Interestingly, cavernous hemangiomas accounted for the majority of the reported hemangioma cases. Indeed, cavernous hemangioma was found in 11 cases, capillary hemangioma was observed in 4 cases, and mixed capillary hemangioma and multiple phlebectasia were observed in 1 case.

Table 1 Summary of the case reports.

	Author	Year	Patient age	Chief complaint	Location in duodenum	size (mm)	Morphology	Pathology	Treatment
1	Koga	1978	65	Anemia	1-2nd	1 × 1	Unknown	Multiple hemangiomas	Surgical resection
2	Ikeda et al[6]	1980	33	Tarry stool, shock	2nd	Unknown	SMT-like	Cavernous	Surgical resection
3	Kawamura	1982	77	Anemia	3rd	80 × 30	SMT-like	Cavernous	Surgical resection
4	Furuya	1987	72	Tarry stool, anemia	2nd	19 × 14	SMT-like	Cavernous	Endoscopic polypectomy
5	Tadokoro	1991	55	Massive melena	2nd	10 × 14	SMT-like	Capillary	Endoscopic polypectomy
6	Amo	1991	20	Melena	2nd	Several lesions	SMT-like	Capillary	Local ethanol injection alone
7	Shin	1992	69	Hematemesis	1st	14 × 9	SMT-like	Cavernous	Surgical resection
8	Fujikawa et al[7]	1996	52	Anemia	4th	20 × 10	SMT-like	Cavernous	Surgical resection
9	Maeda et al[2]	2000	85	Anemia	3rd	11 × 8	SMT-like	Capillary/venous	Surgical resection
10	Terui	2002	7	Intestinal obstruction	3rd	11 × 7 × 3	SMT-like	Cavernous	Surgical resection
11	Inoue	2002	40	Health check-up	3rd	Unknown	SMT-like	Cavernous	Surgical resection
12	Oikawa	2005	53	Melena	3rd	30	SMT-like	Cavernous	Surgical resection
13	Taniguchi	2006	53	Melena	3rd	30	SMT-like	Cavernous	Surgical resection
14	Kakinuma et al[3]	2007	63	Melena	4th	50	SMT-like	Cavernous	Surgical resection
15	Yamashita et al[4]	2008	70	Tarry stool	3rd	20	SMT-like	Cavernous	Unknown
16	Sakamoto et al[5]	2008	54	Health check-up	3rd	15	SMT-like	Unknown	Follow-up
17	Nishiyama (present case)	2008	83	Tarry stool, shock	1st	20 × 12	Polypous	Capillary	Endoscopic mucosal resection
18	Bibao et al[8]	1989	61	Anemia	2nd	Unknown	SMT-like	Unknown	Embolization (catheter)
19	Gymermek-klinika	1991	14	Melena	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Embolization + sclerotherapy
20	Lee et al[10]	1993	31	Melena	2nd	40	Unknown	Cavernous	Surgical resection
21	Chattopadhyay et al[11]	2002	2	Vomiting	4th	100	SMT-like	Unknown	Surgical resection
22	Devadason et al[12]	2007	4	None	1-2nd	Unknown	SMT-like	Capillary	Follow-up

SMT: Submucosal tumor.

Characteristic endoscopic findings included color ranging from blue to dark red and a structure that was easily deformed by compression. Although duodenal hemangiomas are morphologically classified as submucosal tumorlike, diffusely infiltrating, or polypous lesions, all of the reported cases except for the present case have been classified as submucosal tumor-like lesions. Interestingly, the present case had a polypous appearance.

Because hemangiomas show variable endoscopic findings in terms of size, shape, and color, examinations and pretreatment information are required for the diagnosis. These examinations include contrast-enhanced CT and magnetic resonance imaging to determine the location of the tumor and the blood stream, endoscopic ultrasonography to determine the extent of the lesion, selective angiography, and duodenal X-rays. The final diagnosis is generally made based on the results of the pathological examination of the resected specimens.

Kaijer et al[14] pathologically classified duodenal hemangiomas into 4 types: type I, multiple phlebectasia; type II, cavernous hemangioma of diffuse and localized polypous types; type III, simple capillary hemangioma; and type IV, angiomatosis with a gastrointestinal lesion. In terms of frequency, type II hemangiomas account for the majority (55%) of all cases, but type II and a mixture of types II and III are almost comparable in frequency. The present case was classified as a type II lesion of the localized polypous type.

Although duodenal hemangiomas are conventionally treated surgically (i.e., partial intestinal resection), less invasive treatment strategies have recently been reported, including endoscopic polypectomy, EMR, local ethanol injection therapy, catheter embolization therapy, and endoscopic sclerotherapy. Among the reported cases, surgery was performed in 11 cases, polypectomy was performed in 2 cases, and EMR was performed in 1 case (i.e., the present case). Although no formal criteria have been established for the indications of EMR, patients meeting the following three criteria are considered eligible for EMR: (1) patients with a lesion in the endoscopically accessible SDA or descending portion of the duodenum; (2) patients with a 25-mm or smaller polypous lesion classified as type II, III, or IV according to Yamada’s classification[15]; and (3) patients without a large blood vessel in the lesion (determined using contrast-enhanced abdominal CT or abdominal angiography).

We chose EMR in the present case because the patient had a 20-mm polypous lesion in the SDA, which is an endoscopically accessible region, and we did not detect a large supplying vessel on the contrast-enhanced abdominal CT. Surgical treatment was likely selected in many of the previous cases because the lesions were typically in the descending portion of the duodenum. Because the surgical resection of a duodenal lesion tends to cause excessive surgical stress, endoscopic or catheter-based treatments may be considered as an option after careful consideration. It should be noted, however, that duodenal blood vessels have thinner walls compared with blood vessels in other parts of the intestine. Furthermore, it is difficult to manipulate an endoscope in the duodenum, which has 2 curved sections. In addition, if a resected specimen falls into the anal side of the intestine, it may be difficult to retrieve. Thus, the indication for treatment should be carefully considered.

When the patient from the present study presented at our hospital, the tumor was exposed on the mucosal surface and had increased in size. Hemangiomas can grow into various shapes according to the influence of several factors, such as thrombi, fibrosis, calcification, infection, peristalsis, and mechanical stimuli. Although the literature search did not identify any case reports of duodenal hemangiomas characterized by increasing size, the lesion in the present case appeared to have initially developed as a submucosal tumor. Interestingly, mucosal bleeding and ulceration caused by mechanical stimuli, such as biopsy and contact with food, led to the tumor being exposed to the lumen and resulted in its deformation into a polypous lesion.

We experienced a rare case of duodenal hemangioma in the present patient, and duodenal hemangioma in general can be treated by an appropriately selected, less invasive treatment strategy. The present case provided a valuable experience that enabled us to understand the morphological changes that hemangiomas can display over time.