Chemical ablation of the gallbladder using alcohol in cholecystitis after palliative biliary stenting

Abstract

Chemical ablation of the gallbladder is effective in patients at high risk of complications after surgery. Percutaneous gallbladder drainage is an effective treatment for cholecystitis; however, when the drain tube cannot be removed because of recurrent symptoms, retaining it can cause problems. An 82-year-old woman presented with cholecystitis and cholangitis caused by biliary stent occlusion and suspected tumor invasion of the cystic duct. We present successful chemical ablation of the gallbladder using pure alcohol, through a percutaneous gallbladder drainage tube, in a patient who developed intractable cholecystitis with obstruction of the cystic duct after receiving a biliary stent. Our results suggest that chemical ablation therapy is an effective alternative to surgical therapy for intractable cholecystitis.

Key Words: Percutaneous cholecystostomy; Cholecystitis; Biliary stenting; Alcohol; Chemical therapy

INTRODUCTION

Tumor obstruction of the cystic duct is a known risk factor for the development of cholecystitis following biliary stent placement. Percutaneous cholecystostomy is an effective treatment for such cholecystitis[12]. However, recurrent cholecystitis or retractable symptoms may be troublesome. Recently, chemical ablation of the gallbladder has been shown to be effective in patients at high risk for complications after surgery[3]. Absolute alcohol or 95% ethanol causes necrosis and fibrosis in the gallbladder epithelium, which reduces the gallbladder to a shrunken fibrous remnant[4].

However, until now there have been few human studies of which sclerosants are safe and feasible, and for how long the sclerosant has to be in contact with the mucosa.

In this report, we describe the successful chemical ablation of the gallbladder in a patient who developed intractable cholecystitis with obstruction of the cystic duct, after undergoing palliative stenting for the management of a malignant biliary obstruction.

CASE REPORT

An 82-year-old woman presented with gradually aggravated right upper-abdominal pain after undergoing biliary stent implantation for the palliative management of a cholangiocarcinoma 2 wk previously. Upon presentation, clinical examination revealed severe tenderness of the right upper abdomen without rebound tenderness. Laboratory tests revealed the following: white blood cell count, 14.380 × 10⁹/L (normal 4.0-10.8 × 10⁹/L); total bilirubin, 5.4 g/dL (normal 0.1-1.0 g/dL); aspartate aminotransferase, 118 IU/L (normal < 40 IU/L); alanine aminotransferase, 118 IU/L (normal < 40 IU/L); alkaline phosphatase, 118 IU/L (normal 39-117 IU/L); and carbohydrate antigen 19-9, 98 U/mL (normal < 34 U/mL). Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a markedly enlarged and distended gallbladder with a thickened wall (Figure 1). Clinically, both cholecystitis and cholangitis were suspected, based on CT and laboratory data. Following decompression of the gallbladder via percutaneous cholecystostomy, endoscopy using a duodenoscope (TJF 240; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) was performed, which showed a completely occluded plastic biliary stent. The occluded stent was subsequently removed. Cholangiography showed a severe irregular segmental stricture at the mid common bile duct (CBD), without visualization of the cystic duct, a finding that indicated cystic duct occlusion caused by tumor invasion (Figure 2A).

Figure 1 Abdominal CT scan revealing a markedly enlarged and distended gallbladder with a thickened wall.

Figure 2 Cholangiographic findings. A: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed a severe irregular segmental stricture at the mid-CBD, without visualization of the cystic duct; B: A covered metal stent, 60 mm in length, was implanted in the narrowed CBD.

For the management of cholecystitis and malignant stricture, the percutaneous drainage tube was left in place and a covered metal biliary stent (Niti-S; Taewoong Medical Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea), 60 mm in length, was implanted through the peroral route (Figure 2B). Seven days later, the percutaneous cholecystostomy was draining less than 50 mL/d; therefore, removal of the drain tube was attempted. However, the patient complained of recurrent abdominal pain and discomfort whenever the drain tube was closed, and the amount of fluid draining continued at a rate of > 40 mL/d. Consequently, removal of the drain tube failed. As a result of the patient’s advanced age and her refusal of palliative cholecystectomy, medical ablation of the gallbladder was considered to be a good option for treating the symptoms and to allow the removal of the percutaneous drain tube.

After informed consent from the patient and approval by the ethics committee of our hospital, 99% absolute ethanol was used as a sclerosant for chemical ablation of the gallbladder. The volume of the gallbladder was measured by filling it with contrast medium, followed by aspiration (Figure 3A). Absolute ethanol, 1-2 mL less than the volume of the gallbladder, was infused into the gallbladder through the drain tube. Initially, a total of 55 mL of ethanol was infused and the drainage tube was closed. Then, the patient changed positions every 10 min for a total of 30 min, and the sclerosant was drained. Cholecystography was performed 1 wk after the first chemical ablation, and it showed a decrease in the size of the gallbladder. The same method was repeated twice more in weekly sessions with 40 and 25 mL of ethanol, respectively. During the final week, a small amount of bright yellow fluid (< 10 mL/d) was draining, and cholecystography showed a marked collapse in the lumen of the gallbladder (Figure 3B). During each procedure, the patient’s vital signs were closely monitored. The patient had no abdominal pain or other complications related to the procedure. The cholecystostomy drain tube was removed, and there were no complications in the following 8 wk, during which she remained under outpatient observation.

Figure 3 Chemical ablation therapy. A: Before chemical ablation of the gallbladder, the gallbladder volume was measured by infusing contrast medium through the drain tube; the contrast medium did not pass into the CBD; B: Three weeks later (after a total of three chemical ablation sessions), cholecystography showed a marked collapse in the lumen of the gallbladder.

DISCUSSION

Endoscopic insertion of biliary stents is a well-established palliative treatment for obstructive jaundice caused by unresectable malignant disease[5–7]. As a result of increased use, complications such as cholangitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, stent migration, and stent occlusion are being reported increasingly[8]. In particular, cholecystitis has been reported in 1.9%-12% of stent insertion cases[910]. For several reasons, obstruction of the cystic duct by a tumor is a risk factor for the development of cholecystitis following biliary stent placement[2].

Although cholecystectomy is a safe and effective treatment in patients with cholecystitis, the morbidity and mortality of this operation increases considerably in the elderly and unfit patients who often have concomitant diseases. Percutaneous gallbladder drainage or aspiration, transpapillary gallbladder drainage, and endoscopic-ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage have been reported for the management of cholecystitis after stent placement or for cystic duct invasion by a tumor[1211]. However, in cases such as those reported here, when the drain tube cannot be removed because of recurrent symptoms, retaining it causes problems for the patient, and its experimental removal may cause other complications.

Chemical ablation of the gallbladder may be a useful alternative to cholecystectomy in high-risk patients or in those who refuse surgery. Recently, experimental studies on chemical ablation of the gallbladder in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated that many sclerosants, including 95% ethanol, 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate, 5% tetracycline, and 5% trifluoroacetic acid, ablate gallbladder mucosa[312–14]. Oh et al[15] used 99.9% ethanol for the chemical ablation of cystic tumors of the pancreas. Xu et al[3] reported that minicholecystostomy followed by chemical ablation of the gallbladder was safe and effective. In that study, 95% ethanol was in contact with the gallbladder mucosa for 30 min every 4 h, for a total of eight times after occlusion of the cystic duct. A suitable chemical for gallbladder mucosal ablation must be safe, effective, and require brief contact time with the mucosa. However, there have been few human studies to determine which sclerosants are feasible and the duration for which the sclerosant must be in contact with the mucosa. Some studies have reported complications, including mucocele, gallbladder hydrops, abscess formation, and perforation; however, there have been no serious, life-threatening complications[3412–14].

In our case, we used absolute ethanol as a chemical sclerosant. In animal and human studies, alcohol has been found to be safe and has resulted in few complications; however, it requires more treatments of longer duration than other sclerosants. More studies are needed to determine which sclerosants are suitable, how often they need to be applied and at what interval, and the contact duration required for chemical ablation. Absolute ethanol is a safe sclerosant and procedure-related complications did not develop during the procedure or follow-up period. Especially in the case of cystic duct obstruction by tumors, this method is easy and feasible, and is not affected by the presence of additional biliary stents. However, if the cystic duct is patent, the use of chemical agents is restricted and another approach is necessary.

In summary, following development of cholecystitis after stent placement, with tumor obstruction of the cystic duct, or in patients with recurring symptoms, chemical ablation using absolute ethanol may be an alternative to percutaneous cholecystostomy or surgical cholecystectomy. Further investigation of this technique and the identification of suitable sclerosants are necessary, and long-term follow-up should be conducted.