Zhou CZ, Qiu GQ, Fan JW, Wang XL, Tang HM, Huang L, Sun YH, Peng ZH. Refined mapping of loss of heterozygosity on 1q31.1-32.1 in sporadic colorectal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14(10): 1582-1587 [PMID: 18330952 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.1582]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Dr. Zhi-Hai Peng, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated First People's Hospital, 85 Wujin Road, Shanghai 200080, China. pengpzh@hotmail.com
Article-Type of This Article
Rapid Communication
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Chong-Zhi Zhou, Guo-Qiang Qiu, Jun-Wei Fan, Xiao-Liang Wang, Li Huang, Yu-Hao Sun, Zhi-Hai Peng, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
Hua-Mei Tang, Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
ORCID number: $[AuthorORCIDs]
Author contributions: Zhou CZ, Qiu GQ, Peng Z designed research; Zhou CZ, Qiu GQ, Fan JW, Wang XL, Huang L, Sun YH performed research; Tang HM contributed pathologic confirm; Zhou CZ, Qiu GQ analyzed data; and Zhou CH wrote the paper.
Correspondence to: Dr. Zhi-Hai Peng, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated First People's Hospital, 85 Wujin Road, Shanghai 200080, China. pengpzh@hotmail.com
Telephone: +86-21-63240090-3102
Fax: +86-21-63241377
Received: November 1, 2007 Revised: January 2, 2008 Published online: March 14, 2008
Abstract
AIM: To explore precise deleted regions and screen the candidate tumor suppressor genes related to sporadic colorectal carcinoma.
METHODS: Six markers on 1q31.1-32.1 were chosen. These polymorphic microsatellite markers in 83 colorectal cancer patients tumor and normal DNA were analyzed via PCR. PCR products were electrophoresed on an ABI 377 DNA sequencer. Genescan 3.1 and Genotype 2.1 software were used for Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) scanning and analysis. Comparison between LOH frequency and clinicopathological factors was performed by χ2 test.
RESULTS: 1q31.1-32.1 exhibited higher LOH frequency in colorectal carcinoma. The average LOH frequency of 1q31.1-32.1 was 23.0%, with the highest frequency of 36.7% (18/49) at D1S2622, and the lowest of 16.4% (11/67) at D1S412, respectively. A minimal region of frequent deletion was located within a 2 cM genomic segment at D1S413-D1S2622 (1q31.3-32.1). There was no significant association between LOH of each marker on 1q31.1-32.1 and the clinicopathological data (patient sex, age, tumor size, growth pattern or Dukes stage), which indicated that on 1q31.1-32.1, LOH was a common phenomenon in all kinds of sporadic colorectal carcinoma.
CONCLUSION: Through our refined deletion mapping, the critical and precise deleted region was located within 2 cM chromosomal segment encompassing 2 loci (D1S413, D1S2622). No significant association was found between LOH and clinicopathologic features in 1q31.1-32.1.
Citation: Zhou CZ, Qiu GQ, Fan JW, Wang XL, Tang HM, Huang L, Sun YH, Peng ZH. Refined mapping of loss of heterozygosity on 1q31.1-32.1 in sporadic colorectal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14(10): 1582-1587
The progression of the colorectal carcinoma is thought to result from an accumulation of genetic alteration at numerous loci controlling growth and proliferation[1–3]. As a model for both multistep and multipathway carcinogenesis, colorectal neoplastic progression provides paradigms of both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes[12]. The loss of heterozygosity (LOH), the loss of one paternal or maternal allele at specific locus, on tumor suppressor genes is believed to be one of the key steps to colorectal carcinogenesis[34]. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation[5]. According to the previous study, in colorectal carcinomas, frequent allelic loss was identified in chromosome 5q (30%)[36], 8p (40%)[37], 17p (75%-80%)[38], 18q (80%)[39], and 22q (20%-30%)[31011]. Moreover tumor suppressor genes APC, p53, and DCC were found, which were located on chromosome 5q, 17p, and 18q, respectively[12–14]. The LOH analysis on sporadic carcinoma by means of microsatellite markers has become an effective way to find allelic deletion regions and then to find candidate tumor suppressor genes[31516]. In a previous study we used microsatellite markers to analyze the LOH at 21 loci on chromosome 1 in sporadic colorectal carcinoma. We found that D1S468 (1p36.33-36.31, 9.4 cM) and D1S413 (1q31.1-32.1, 9.8 cM) exhibited higher LOH frequencies, which indicated that the two regions might harbor putative tumor suppressor gene(s)[1718]. However, the allelic deletion region found in our previous studies contained about 50 genes, which was inconvenient for further gene screening and functional studies. Therefore, further LOH scanning with high-density microsatellite markers in the two regions was necessary to narrow the research scope and select fewer candidate genes in the finite regions to functional research. In this study, other six markers from 1q31.1-32.1, at a density of approximately one marker every 1.67 cM, were chosen to analyze refined LOH mapping of the region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects
This study was based on 83 cases of sporadic colorectal carcinoma, comprising 40 males and 43 females, treated at the surgical department in Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, China, between 1998 and 1999. Ages ranged from 31 to 84 years with a median of 66 years. All patients were confirmed by pathology and were staged by Dukes criterion. Their distribution according to their clinical stages was as follows: Dukes stage A, 8 cases; stage B, 21 cases; stage C, 40 cases; stage D, 14 cases. Their distribution, according to cancer location, was as follows: proximal colon cancer, thirty-three cases; distal colon, 21 cases; and rectal, 29 cases. The carcinomas were confirmed, via pathological examination, as being well differentiated adenocarcinoma in 23 patient cases, moderate differentiated adenocarcinoma in 39 cases, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in 6 cases, mucinous adenocarcinoma in 15 cases. HNPCC patients were ruled out by the Amsterdam criteria[1920]. Each patient gave his or her informed consent for the use of his or her tissue in this study.
DNA extraction
The cancerous and adjacent normal tissues were frozen within 30 min after removal. The tissues were then cut into cubes of approximately 2 mm3 and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. DNA was extracted by standard methods with proteinase K digestion and phenol/chloroform purification[21].
Microsatellite markers and PCR
By searching in Genothon, NCBI and GDB databases, 6 polymorphic microsatellite markers were chosen, at a density of approximately one marker every 1.67 cM, covering the chromosomal region 1q31.1-32.1 and spanned the D1S413 locus. Based on the databases described previously, the order of these markers was centromere-D1S2877-D1S412-D1S2757-D1S413-D1S2622-D1S2683-D1S2668-qter. The primer sequences are shown in Table 1. Polymorphic microsatellite markers were analyzed in each patients' tumor and normal DNAs by PCR (GeneAmp PCR System 9700, PE Applied Biosystems Foster city CA, USA). PCR conditions were as follows: 5 &mgr;L total volume with 1 &mgr;L (1.4 ng) DNA as a template with 10 × standard buffer, 0.3 &mgr;L MgCl2, 0.8 &mgr;L deoxynucleotide triphosphates, 0.3 unit of Hot-start Taq polymerase and 0.06 &mgr;L of each primer, with the forward primer fluorescence labeled with FAM (Shanghai Shenggong Biological Engineering & Technology and Service Co. Ltd, China), and fill ddH2O up to 5 &mgr;L. Cycling conditions consisted of 3 stages: an initial denaturation at 96°C for 12 min in StageI; 14 cycles each at 94°C for 20 s, 63-56°C for 1 min (0.5°C decreased per cycle), 72°C for 1 min, in Stage II: 35 cycles each at 94°C for 20 s, 56°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min in stage III[171822–24].
Table 1 The primer sequences of seven microsatellite markers.
Primer
3’-5’
5’-3’
D1S2877
AGACATTNCATTGAAGTCTATTTAT
CAAGCCACTAGCGTAAGAGC
D1S412
TAGGACTTTTCAACTTCCACAG
ATAGGCACAGAATCAATGAATG
D1S2757
TTTTTTAATGACTGACCAGTG
TGCCTTCTGCTATGTTTG
D1S413
GCCAAGCCTGAGATCAAAAT
ACTTGAACAGATTGGGATTG
D1S2622
CTGCAACATAAGAACCTAGTGTAAC
AAACTGGTAGGCCATTGATAGA
D1S2683
TGCCTTGTCTTCAAGAGC
GCAGTGACAGGAATCTGG
D1S2668
AATCACTTGAACCTGGGAG
ACTGACTGGCTGTTTCTGAG
LOH analysis
A portion of each PCR product (0.5 &mgr;L) was combined with 0.1 &mgr;L of Genescan 500 size standard (PE Applied Biosystems Foster city CA, USA) and 0.9 &mgr;L of formamide loading buffer. After denaturation at 96°C for 5 min, products were electrophoresed on a 5% polyacrylamide gels on an ABI 377 DNA sequencer (PE Applied Biosystems Foster city CA, USA) for 3 h. Genotype 2.1 software displayed individual gel lanes as electrophoretograms with a given size, height, and area for each detected fluorescent peak. Stringent criteria were used to score the samples. Alleles were defined as the two highest peaks within the expected size range. A ratio of T1:T2/N1:N2 of less than 0.67 or greater than 1.50 was scored as a LOH (Figure 1). Most amplification of normal DNA produced two PCR products indicating heterozygosity. A single fragment amplified from normal DNA (homozygote) and PCR reactions in which fragments were not clearly amplified were scored as not informative. The LOH frequency of a locus was equal to the ratio of the number between allelic loss and informative cases. The average LOH frequency was the average value of each locus LOH frequency[171822–24].
Figure 1 The LOH and normal peak.
A: The typical peak of LOH: Allele ratio = (T1/T2)/(N1/N2) = (190/62)/(341/270) = 2.43 > 1.5; B: The peak of normal (no LOH): Allele ratio = (T1/T2)/(N1/N2) = (1172/764)/(350/264) = 1.15; T: Tumor; N: Normal.
Statistical analysis
Comparison between LOH and clinicopathological data was performed by χ2 test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
LOH analysis on 1q31.1-32.1
The average LOH frequency of 1q31.1-32.1 was 23.0%, with the highest frequency of 36.7% (18/49) at D1S2622, and the lowest of 16.4% (11/67) at D1S412, respectively. According to this study, a minimal region of frequent deletion was located within a 2 cM genomic segment at D1S413-D1S2622 on 1q31.3-32.1 (Table 2).
Table 2 LOH frequencies of microsatellite loci on 1q31.1-32.1 in colorectal cancer.
Locus
Location
LOH case
Normal case
LOH rate (%)
Informative rate (%)
D1S2877
1q31.1
7
29
19.44
43.37
D1S412
1q31.3
11
56
16.42
80.72
D1S2757
1q31.3
18
43
29.51
73.49
D1S413
1q31.3
13
27
32.50
48.19
D1S2622
1q32.1
18
31
36.73
59.04
D1S2683
1q32.1
10
41
19.61
61.45
D1S2668
1q32.1
4
20
16.67
28.92
Relationship between clinicopathological features and LOH frequency
There was no significant association between LOH of each marker on 1q31.1-32.1 and the clinicopathological data (patient sex, age, tumor size, growth pattern or Dukes stage). It indicated that on 1q31.1-32.1, LOH was a common phenomenon in all kinds of sporadic colorectal carcinoma (Table 3).
Table 3 The relationship between clinicopathological features and LOH of the loci on 1q31.1-32.1.
D1S2877
D1S412
D1S2757
D1S413
D1S2622
D1S2683
D1S2668
T1
N2
T
N
T
N
T
N
T
N
T
N
T
N
Gender
Male
4
13
3
27
10
18
7
14
11
15
5
20
2
5
Female
3
16
8
29
8
25
6
13
7
16
5
21
2
15
Age(yr)
> 60
5
24
9
39
13
32
10
18
16
22
10
29
2
16
≤ 60
2
5
2
17
5
11
3
9
2
9
0
12
2
4
Location
Proximal colon
2
10
6
22
5
18
6
10
9
13
6
13
0
9
Distal colon
2
8
4
15
5
11
3
7
5
8
0
14
1
7
Rectum
3
11
1
19
8
14
4
10
4
10
4
14
3
4
Gross pattern
Massive
2
15
5
25
7
22
5
14
6
16
3
22
1
9
Ulcerative
4
13
5
23
9
18
5
9
9
14
6
17
1
7
Encroaching
1
1
1
8
2
3
3
4
3
1
1
2
2
4
Size (cm)
≥ 5
4
12
7
22
6
18
6
11
8
15
5
17
2
9
< 5
3
17
4
34
12
25
7
16
10
16
5
24
2
11
LN metastasis
(+)
4
20
6
39
12
29
6
16
15
20
5
26
1
16
(-)
3
9
5
17
6
14
7
11
3
11
5
15
3
4
Differentiation
Well
3
4
1
14
5
7
3
7
4
5
1
10
3
5
Moderately
2
21
8
26
8
27
6
12
10
18
5
25
0
12
Poorly
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
0
1
Mucinous
1
3
0
14
3
7
3
6
3
6
2
5
1
2
Dukes stage
A
2
5
2
3
3
3
2
3
1
3
2
5
0
1
B
1
4
3
14
3
11
5
8
2
8
3
10
3
3
C
3
16
4
29
11
19
4
12
10
17
3
19
0
13
D
1
4
2
10
1
10
2
4
5
3
2
7
1
3
DISCUSSION
During tumorigenesis, loss of the wild-type allele is frequently observed at the appropriate locus. It has been admitted that LOH on tumor suppressor genes plays a key role in colorectal carcinoma transformation. LOH is common to all human solid tumors and allows expressivity of recessive loss of function mutations of tumor suppressor genes. Therefore, detection of recurrent LOH in a chromosome region is now considered critical evidence of localization of tumor suppressor genes[325–28]. In the previous study, initial LOH scanning was carried out in 83 sporadic colorectal carcinoma samples with 21 highly polymorphic markers on chromosome 1. We found that D1S468 (1p36.33-36.31) and D1S413 (1q31.1-32.1) exhibited higher LOH frequencies[1718]. However, the average genetic distance of the loci in our previous study was 9.6 cM, which contained so many genes that was inconvenient for further gene screening. Further LOH scanning with high-density microsatellite markers in the two regions was necessary to narrow the research scope and select fewer candidate genes in the finite regions to functional research. In another study of ours, we carried out the refined LOH mapping on 1p36.33-36.31 and found two critical and precise deleted regions, D1S243 (1 cM) and D1S468-D1S2660 (3 cM)[29]. In this study, six high-density polymorphic microsatellite markers were chosen for refined LOH mapping of LOH on 1q31.1-32.1 in order to get much more genetic information and to screen the potential tumor suppressor genes.
The results showed that the average LOH frequency of 1q31.1-32.1 was 23.0%, with the highest frequency of 36.7% (18/49) at D1S2622, and the lowest of 16.4% (11/67) at D1S412, respectively. According to this study, a minimal region of frequent deletion was located within a 2 cM genomic segment at D1S413-D1S2622 on 1q31.3-32.1. There are few reports in past years about the relationship between the long arm of chromosome 1 and colorectal carcinoma. Moreover, some previous studies showed that 1q frequently presents allelic loss in other tumors, such as breast cancer, medulloblastoma, thyroid cancer, sporadic insulinoma and esophageal carcinoma. Benitez's[30] study showed more than 60% of the breast tumors exhibited allelic loss in the 1q31-32 region. Pietsch et al[31] found that 36% of the medulloblastomas showed LOH on 1q31-32.1. Moreover accordingly to the study of Kitamura[32], frequent allelic loss was identified on 1q31-42 (40%) in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Yang et al[33] found that thirty-five out of forty (88%) insulinomas had 1q LOH of the 35 insulinomas with 1q LOH, 14 (40%) had 1q21.3-23.2 LOH over a 7.5 cM region, whereas in 21 tumors (60%) LOH occurred at 1q31.3 over an 11.4 cM area. Li et al[34] analyzed LOH in 61 esophageal squamous cell carcinomas using 18 microsatellite markers on chromosome 1q. Forty-six of 61 tumors (75.4%) presented LOH at one or more loci. These results suggested that putative tumor suppressor genes might locate on the 1q. Our study firstly demonstrated that 1q31-32 exhibited higher LOH frequency in colorectal carcinoma, which suggesting the presence of a tumor suppressor gene in this region. This gene might be involved in the tumorigenesis of colorectal carcinoma and other tumors. Based on our study, allelic deletion was located within 2 cM chromosomal segment encompassing 2 loci (D1S413, D1S2622). Searching the databases, no known tumor suppressor genes have been found in this region. However, we presumed CSRP1 might be the candidate colorectal carcinoma related gene in this region. At the mRNA level, the highest concentrations of CSRP1 were found in the prostate and the colon followed by the brain and the testis[35]. CSRP1 was a member of the CSRP family of genes encoding a group of LIM domain proteins, which might be involved in regulatory processes important for development and cellular differentiation[36]. We supposed that the inactivation of this genes could lead to the abnormality of cell differentiation and then result in neoplastic transformation. Recently, Hirasawa et al[37] found that CSRP1 were inactivated in HCC by aberrant methylation and they may serve as important biomarkers of malignancy, indicating that CSRP1 was a the tumor related gene. Further functional research will provide additional proof. In order to find the colorectal carcinoma related gene in 1q31.1-32.1, we are performing a microarray-based high-throughput gene screening approach in this region to identify unknown candidate related genes, and this may provide much more genetic information and find the potential tumor suppressor gene(s). In our study, there was no significant association between LOH of all loci on 1q31.1-32.1 and the clinicopathological data, indicating that in this region, LOH was a common phenomenon in all kinds of sporadic colorectal cancer.
In summary, through our detailed deletion mapping studies, the critical and precise deleted region was located within 2 cM chromosomal segment encompassing 2 loci (D1S413, D1S2622). No significant association was found between LOH and clinicopathologic features. The region identified in the present study might harbor one or more tumor suppressor genes, which might be involved in several types of human cancer. Our study provided the significant data to reveal the mechanism of colorectal carcinogenesis. And further microarray-based high-throughput gene screening and functional research may provide much more genetic information and find the potential tumor suppressor genes.
COMMENTS
Background
The loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis on sporadic carcinoma by means of microsatellite markers has become an effective way to find allelic deletion regions and then to find candidate tumor suppressor genes. In a previous study Zhou et al found that D1S413 (1q31.1-32.1, 9.8 cM) exhibited higher LOH frequencies and this indicated that this region might harbor the putative tumor-suppressor-gene(s). However, the allelic deletion region the previous studies found contained so many genes that it was inconvenience to further gene screening and functional study. Therefore, in this study, another six markers with high-density microsatellite markers in 1q31.1-32.1 were chosen to analyze refined LOH mapping to narrow the research scope and select fewer candidate genes in the finite regions to functional research.
Research frontiers
LOH on tumor suppressor genes is believed to be one of the key steps to colorectal carcinogenesis. According to the previous study, in colorectal carcinomas, frequent allelic loss was identified in chromosome 5q (30%), 8p (40%), 17p (75%-80%), 18q (80%), and 22q (20%-30%). Subsequently, tumor suppressor genes APC, p53, and DCC were found, which were located on chromosome 5q, 17p, and 18q, respectively. The LOH analysis on sporadic carcinoma by means of microsatellite markers has become an effective way to find allelic deletion regions and then to find candidate tumor suppressor genes.
Innovations and breakthroughs
This study found that the precise deleted region was located within 2 cM chromosomal segment encompassing 2 loci (D1S413, D1S2622), in which might harbor one or more tumor suppressor genes related to the colorectal carcinogenesis.
Terminology
LOH: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal hemizygosity. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation.
Peer review
It is possible that 1q will be an informative site in colorectal carcinogenesis. But, it may also simply reflect the chromosomal instability (CIN) pathway of genomic instability that was selected for in the selection of predominantly distal, non-mucinous cancers. CIN causes wide spread aneuploidy, and thus LOH in the 1q31.1-32.1 region may be an epiphenomenon, rather than a sentinel event in carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, this study provides some important information about this region. It would be interesting to know whether they have looked at gene expression of CSRP1 in any of their samples, or in any CRC cell lines, to support their assertion that this is a likely candidate in this region.
Footnotes
Supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30080016, No. 30470977, No. 30700813
Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Kern SE, Hamilton SR, Preisinger AC, Nakamura Y, White R. Allelotype of colorectal carcinomas.Science. 1989;244:207-211.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Lasko D, Cavenee W, Nordenskjold M. Loss of constitutional heterozygosity in human cancer.Annu Rev Genet. 1991;25:281-314.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Solomon E, Voss R, Hall V, Bodmer WF, Jass JR, Jeffreys AJ, Lucibello FC, Patel I, Rider SH. Chromosome 5 allele loss in human colorectal carcinomas.Nature. 1987;328:616-619.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
van der Bosch K, Becker I, Savelyeva L, Bruderlein S, Schlag P, Schwab M. Deletions in the short arm of chromosome 8 are present in up to 90% of human colorectal cancer cell lines.Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1992;5:91-95.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Monpezat JP, Delattre O, Bernard A, Grunwald D, Remvikos Y, Muleris M, Salmon RJ, Frelat G, Dutrillaux B, Thomas G. Loss of alleles on chromosome 18 and on the short arm of chromosome 17 in polyploid colorectal carcinomas.Int J Cancer. 1988;41:404-408.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Lanza G, Matteuzzi M, Gafa R, Orvieto E, Maestri I, Santini A, del Senno L. Chromosome 18q allelic loss and prognosis in stage II and III colon cancer.Int J Cancer. 1998;79:390-395.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Weber TK, Conroy J, Keitz B, Rodriguez-Bigas M, Petrelli NJ, Stoler DL, Anderson GR, Shows TB, Nowak NJ. Genome-wide allelotyping indicates increased loss of heterozygosity on 9p and 14q in early age of onset colorectal cancer.Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1999;86:142-147.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Zhou CZ, Peng ZH, Zhang F, Qiu GQ, He L. Loss of heterozygosity on long arm of chromosome 22 in sporadic colorectal carcinoma.World J Gastroenterol. 2002;8:668-673.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Stella A, Resta N, Gentile M, Susca F, Mareni C, Montera MP, Guanti G. Exclusion of the APC gene as the cause of a variant form of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).Am J Hum Genet. 1993;53:1031-1037.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Isobe M, Emanuel BS, Givol D, Oren M, Croce CM. Localization of gene for human p53 tumour antigen to band 17p13.Nature. 1986;320:84-85.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Cho KR, Oliner JD, Simons JW, Hedrick L, Fearon ER, Preisinger AC, Hedge P, Silverman GA, Vogelstein B. The DCC gene: structural analysis and mutations in colorectal carcinomas.Genomics. 1994;19:525-531.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Sieben NL, ter Haar NT, Cornelisse CJ, Fleuren GJ, Cleton-Jansen AM. PCR artifacts in LOH and MSI analysis of microdissected tumor cells.Hum Pathol. 2000;31:1414-1419.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Fromont G, Vallancien G, Validire P, Levillain P, Cussenot O. BCAR1 expression in prostate cancer: association with 16q23 LOH status, tumor progression and EGFR/KAI1 staining.Prostate. 2007;67:268-273.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Peng Z, Zhang F, Zhou C, Ling Y, Bai S, Liu W, Qiu G, He L, Wang L, Wei D. Genome-wide search for loss of heterozygosity in Chinese patients with sporadic colorectal cancer.Int J Gastrointest Cancer. 2003;34:39-48.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Zhou CZ, Qiu GQ, Zhang F, He L, Peng ZH. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 1 in sporadic colorectal carcinoma.World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:1431-1435.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Vasen HF, Griffioen G, Offerhaus GJ, Den Hartog Jager FC, Van Leeuwen-Cornelisse IS, Meera Khan P, Lamers CB, Van Slooten EA. The value of screening and central registration of families with familial adenomatous polyposis. A study of 82 families in The Netherlands.Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;33:227-230.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Vasen HF, Watson P, Mecklin JP, Lynch HT. New clinical criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome) proposed by the International Collaborative group on HNPCC.Gastroenterology. 1999;116:1453-1456.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Blin N, Stafford DW. A general method for isolation of high molecular weight DNA from eukaryotes.Nucleic Acids Res. 1976;3:2303-2308.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Zheng HT, Peng ZH, Zhou CZ, Li DP, Wang ZW, Qiu GQ, He L. Detailed deletion mapping of loss of heterozygosity on 22q13 in sporadic colorectal cancer.World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:1668-1672.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Xu SF, Peng ZH, Li DP, Qiu GQ, Zhang F. Refinement of heterozygosity loss on chromosome 5p15 in sporadic colorectal cancer.World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9:1713-1718.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Peng Z, Zhou C, Zhang F, Ling Y, Tang H, Bai S, Liu W, Qiu G, He L. Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 20 in sporadic colorectal cancer.Chin Med J (Engl). 2002;115:1529-1532.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Kyndi M, Alsner J, Hansen LL, Sorensen FB, Overgaard J. LOH rather than genotypes of TP53 codon 72 is associated with disease-free survival in primary breast cancer.Acta Oncol. 2006;45:602-609.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Huang Z, Wen Y, Shandilya R, Marks JR, Berchuck A, Murphy SK. High throughput detection of M6P/IGF2R intronic hypermethylation and LOH in ovarian cancer.Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34:555-563.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Sanchez de Abajo A, de la Hoya M, van Puijenbroek M, Godino J, Diaz-Rubio E, Morreau H, Caldes T. Dual role of LOH at MMR loci in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer?Oncogene. 2006;25:2124-2130.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Woenckhaus M, Grepmeier U, Wild PJ, Merk J, Pfeifer M, Woenckhaus U, Stoelcker B, Blaszyk H, Hofstaedter F, Dietmaier W. Multitarget FISH and LOH analyses at chromosome 3p in non-small cell lung cancer and adjacent bronchial epithelium.Am J Clin Pathol. 2005;123:752-761.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Zhou CZ, Zheng HT, Qiu GQ, Zhang F, He L, Peng ZH. Refined mapping of loss of heterozygosity of 1p36.33-36.31 in sporadic colorectal carcinoma.Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi. 2006;86:1804-1807.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Benitez J, Osorio A, Barroso A, Arranz E, Diaz-Guillen MA, Robledo M, Rodriguez de Cordoba S, Heine-Suner D. A region of allelic imbalance in 1q31-32 in primary breast cancer coincides with a recombination hot spot.Cancer Res. 1997;57:4217-4220.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Pietsch T, Koch A, Wiestler OD. Molecular genetic studies in medulloblastomas: evidence for tumor suppressor genes at the chromosomal regions 1q31-32 and 17p13.Klin Padiatr. 1997;209:150-155.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Kitamura Y, Shimizu K, Tanaka S, Ito K, Emi M. Allelotyping of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: frequent allelic losses on 1q, 9p, 11, 17, 19p, and 22q.Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2000;27:244-251.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Yang YM, Liu TH, Chen YJ, Jiang WJ, Qian JM, Lu X, Gao J, Wu SF, Sang XT, Chen J. Chromosome 1q loss of heterozygosity frequently occurs in sporadic insulinomas and is associated with tumor malignancy.Int J Cancer. 2005;117:234-240.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Li J, Liu Z, Wang Y, Yu Z, Wang M, Zhan Q, Liu Z. Allelic imbalance of chromosome 1q in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas from China: a novel region of allelic loss and significant association with differentiation.Cancer Lett. 2005;220:221-230.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Dube JY, Chapdelaine P, Trahan PL, Deperthes D, Frenette G, Tremblay RR. Abundant cysteine-rich protein-1 is localized in the stromal compartment of the human prostate.Arch Androl. 1998;40:109-115.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Wang X, Ray K, Szpirer J, Levan G, Liebhaber SA, Cooke NE. Analysis of the human cysteine-rich protein gene (CSRP), assignment to chromosome 1q24-1q32, and identification of an associated MspI polymorphism.Genomics. 1992;14:391-397.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
Hirasawa Y, Arai M, Imazeki F, Tada M, Mikata R, Fukai K, Miyazaki M, Ochiai T, Saisho H, Yokosuka O. Methylation status of genes upregulated by demethylating agent 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine in hepatocellular carcinoma.Oncology. 2006;71:77-85.
[PubMed] [DOI][Cited in This Article: ]
